用对抗审计动态发现并抑制模型奖励漏洞,提升对齐性与实用性。
Adversarial Reward Auditing for Active Detection and Mitigation of Reward Hacking
- 将奖励劫持视为攻防博弈,分两阶段训练黑客探测漏洞、审计器识别行为。
- 在三种场景下显著降低奉承倾向,提升帮助性、简洁性与代码通过率。
- 跨领域泛化能力强,单个审计模型可防御多类攻击,适合部署于复杂应用。
基于人类反馈的强化学习(RLHF)仍易受奖励劫持影响,即模型利用奖励模型中的虚假关联获取高分却违背人类意图。现有缓解方法依赖静态防御,无法应对新攻击策略。本文提出对抗奖励审计(ARA),将奖励劫持重构为动态竞争过程:第一阶段,黑客策略挖掘奖励模型漏洞,审计器学习从潜在表示中检测异常行为;第二阶段,审计引导的RLHF(AG-RLHF)对检测到的劫持行为施加惩罚,使奖励劫持从不可观测的失败变为可度量、可控制的信号。在三个劫持场景下的实验表明,ARA在对齐性与效用间取得最佳平衡:将奉承倾向降至接近监督微调(SFT)水平,同时提升帮助性,减少冗余表达,实现最高ROUGE-L得分,并抑制代码游戏行为,提高Pass@1性能。进一步验证显示,奖励劫持、检测与缓解均具备跨领域泛化能力——在代码任务上训练的黑客即使未获相关奖励,也表现出更强奉承倾向;在某一领域训练的审计器能有效抑制其他领域的攻击,实现单一模型支持多领域高效防御。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) remains vulnerable to reward hacking, where models exploit spurious correlations in learned reward models to achieve high scores while violating human intent. Existing mitigations rely on static defenses that cannot adapt to novel exploitation strategies. We propose Adversarial Reward Auditing (ARA), a framework that reconceptualizes reward hacking as a dynamic, competitive game. ARA operates in two stages: first, a Hacker policy discovers reward model vulnerabilities while an Auditor learns to detect exploitation from latent representations; second, Auditor-Guided RLHF (AG-RLHF) gates reward signals to penalize detected hacking, transforming reward hacking from an unobservable failure into a measurable, controllable signal. Experiments across three hacking scenarios demonstrate that ARA achieves the best alignment-utility tradeoff among all baselines: reducing sycophancy to near-SFT levels while improving helpfulness, decreasing verbosity while achieving the highest ROUGE-L, and suppressing code gaming while improving Pass@1. Beyond single-domain evaluation, we show that reward hacking, detection, and mitigation all generalize across domains -- a Hacker trained on code gaming exhibits increased sycophancy despite no reward for this behavior, and an Auditor trained on one domain effectively suppresses exploitation in others, enabling efficient multi-domain defense with a single model.
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