小模型直接把自然语言转成可执行的行为树,适合部署在资源受限的机器人上。
BTGenBot-2: Efficient Behavior Tree Generation with Small Language Models
- 用10亿参数小模型零样本生成行为树,支持运行时错误恢复。
- 零样本成功率90.38%,单次提示达98.07%,推理速度比前代快16倍。
- 开源且轻量,首个标准化评测基准,适合实际机器人部署。
机器人学习近年越来越多依赖大语言模型进行任务规划,利用其将自然语言与可执行动作对接的能力。然而现有方法普遍存在闭源或计算开销大问题,难以在真实物理系统中部署,且缺乏通用、即插即用的机器人任务生成表示。针对这些问题,我们提出BTGenBot-2——一个10亿参数的开源小型语言模型,能将自然语言任务描述和一组机器人动作原语直接转换为可执行的行为树(XML格式)。不同于以往方法,BTGenBot-2实现零样本行为树生成,具备推理与运行时错误恢复能力,同时保持轻量化,适用于资源受限机器人。我们还构建了首个基于大语言模型的行为树生成标准化基准,涵盖NVIDIA Isaac Sim中的52个导航与操作任务。大量实验表明,BTGenBot-2在功能与非功能指标上均优于GPT-5、Claude Opus 4.1及更大规模开源模型,零样本平均成功率达90.38%,一次提示下达98.07%,推理速度最高提升16倍于前代BTGenBot。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Recent advances in robot learning increasingly rely on LLM-based task planning, leveraging their ability to bridge natural language with executable actions. While prior works showcased great performances, the widespread adoption of these models in robotics has been challenging as 1) existing methods are often closed-source or computationally intensive, neglecting the actual deployment on real-world physical systems, and 2) there is no universally accepted, plug-and-play representation for robotic task generation. Addressing these challenges, we propose BTGenBot-2, a 1B-parameter open-source small language model that directly converts natural language task descriptions and a list of robot action primitives into executable behavior trees in XML. Unlike prior approaches, BTGenBot-2 enables zero-shot BT generation, error recovery at inference and runtime, while remaining lightweight enough for resource-constrained robots. We further introduce the first standardized benchmark for LLM-based BT generation, covering 52 navigation and manipulation tasks in NVIDIA Isaac Sim. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that BTGenBot-2 consistently outperforms GPT-5, Claude Opus 4.1, and larger open-source models across both functional and non-functional metrics, achieving average success rates of 90.38% in zero-shot and 98.07% in one-shot, while delivering up to 16x faster inference compared to the previous BTGenBot.
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