arXiv:2602.02546cs.LGcs.AI2026-02被引 1

提升大模型低比特量化精度,尤其在4比特以下仍保持高性能。

D$^2$Quant: Accurate Low-bit Post-Training Weight Quantization for LLMs

  • 针对下投影矩阵设计双尺度量化器,不增加位宽提升精度。
  • 通过均值修正补偿激活分布偏移,改善量化后性能。
  • 适用于资源受限场景的高效大模型部署,适合关注推理优化的研究者。

大语言模型(LLMs)性能强大,但计算与内存开销高,在资源受限环境下部署困难。仅权重的后训练量化(PTQ)因其无需低比特算子或专用硬件即可减少内存占用并加速推理而备受青睐。然而,当精度低于4比特时,仅权重量化常导致性能显著下降。我们分析发现主要原因有两个:(1)下投影矩阵是已知的量化瓶颈,保持其精度通常需要额外位宽;(2)权重量化引发激活偏差,但有效校正策略仍不充分。为此,我们提出D²Quant,一种新颖的仅权重后训练量化框架,从权重和激活两方面改进。在权重端,设计了专为下投影矩阵优化的双尺度量化器(DSQ),引入可吸收缩放因子,在不增加位宽的前提下显著提升精度。在激活端,提出偏差感知校正(DAC),在LayerNorm中嵌入均值修正机制,缓解量化引起的激活分布偏移。在多个大模型家族和评估指标上的大量实验表明,D²Quant在亚4比特精度下实现了领先的仅权重量化性能。代码与模型将发布于https://github.com/XIANGLONGYAN/D2Quant。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large language models (LLMs) deliver strong performance, but their high compute and memory costs make deployment difficult in resource-constrained scenarios. Weight-only post-training quantization (PTQ) is appealing, as it reduces memory usage and enables practical speedup without low-bit operators or specialized hardware. However, accuracy often degrades significantly in weight-only PTQ at sub-4-bit precision, and our analysis identifies two main causes: (1) down-projection matrices are a well-known quantization bottleneck, but maintaining their fidelity often requires extra bit-width; (2) weight quantization induces activation deviations, but effective correction strategies remain underexplored. To address these issues, we propose D$^2$Quant, a novel weight-only PTQ framework that improves quantization from both the weight and activation perspectives. On the weight side, we design a Dual-Scale Quantizer (DSQ) tailored to down-projection matrices, with an absorbable scaling factor that significantly improves accuracy without increasing the bit budget. On the activation side, we propose Deviation-Aware Correction (DAC), which incorporates a mean-shift correction within LayerNorm to mitigate quantization-induced activation distribution shifts. Extensive experiments across multiple LLM families and evaluation metrics show that D$^2$Quant delivers superior performance for weight-only PTQ at sub-4-bit precision. The code and models will be available at https://github.com/XIANGLONGYAN/D2Quant.

大模型量化低比特推理后训练量化模型压缩

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