arXiv:2602.04373cs.LG2026-02

用稳定区域做隐式监督,减少遥感土地覆盖变化追踪的标注负担。

Reducing the labeling burden in time-series mapping using Common Ground: a semi-automated approach to tracking changes in land cover and species over time

  • 利用时序稳定的区域提供隐式标签,实现跨时间的半自动分类。
  • 对入侵树种识别准确率提升21%-40%,优于传统方法。
  • 适合生态监测、遥感分类等需长期追踪的场景。

可靠的土地覆盖与物种变化分类依赖于一致且更新及时的参考标签。然而,在每个时间步收集新标注数据仍成本高昂且难以实施,尤其在动态或偏远生态系统中。针对此挑战,我们发现仅使用初始时间步t0的参考数据训练的模型,能在t0和未来时间步t1上表现优异,优于仅在特定时间点训练的模型(即黄金标准)。这一结果表明,无需在后续时间步手动更新标签即可实现有效的时间泛化。基于变化检测与半监督学习(SSL)思想,最优方法“Common Ground”通过半监督框架,利用光谱或语义特征变化小的稳定区域作为动态区域的隐式监督信号。我们在多种分类器、传感器(Landsat-8、Sentinel-2多光谱及机载光谱成像)和生态应用中评估该策略。对于入侵树种映射,相比直接时间迁移(naive temporal transfer),准确率提升21%-40%;相较黄金标准方法,也高出10%-16%。而在欧洲大范围土地覆盖分类中,仅比两种基线方法提升2%。结果表明,结合稳定参考筛选与半监督学习可实现可扩展、低标注依赖的多时相遥感分类。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Reliable classification of Earth Observation data depends on consistent, up-to-date reference labels. However, collecting new labelled data at each time step remains expensive and logistically difficult, especially in dynamic or remote ecological systems. As a response to this challenge, we demonstrate that a model with access to reference data solely from time step t0 can perform competitively on both t0 and a future time step t1, outperforming models trained separately on time-specific reference data (the gold standard). This finding suggests that effective temporal generalization can be achieved without requiring manual updates to reference labels beyond the initial time step t0. Drawing on concepts from change detection and semi-supervised learning (SSL), the most performant approach, "Common Ground", uses a semi-supervised framework that leverages temporally stable regions-areas with little to no change in spectral or semantic characteristics between time steps-as a source of implicit supervision for dynamic regions. We evaluate this strategy across multiple classifiers, sensors (Landsat-8, Sentinel-2 satellite multispectral and airborne imaging spectroscopy), and ecological use cases. For invasive tree species mapping, we observed a 21-40% improvement in classification accuracy using Common Ground compared to naive temporal transfer, where models trained at a single time step are directly applied to a future time step. We also observe a 10 -16% higher accuracy for the introduced approach compared to a gold-standard approach. In contrast, when broad land cover categories were mapped across Europe, we observed a more modest 2% increase in accuracy compared to both the naive and gold-standard approaches. These results underscore the effectiveness of combining stable reference screening with SSL for scalable and label-efficient multi-temporal remote sensing classification.

遥感半监督土地覆盖时序分析

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