让大模型提前预判行动后果,解决长期规划中的错误累积问题。
ProAct: Agentic Lookahead in Interactive Environments
- 分两阶段训练:先用环境搜索轨迹压缩成推理链,再用轻量回溯校准价值估计。
- 40亿参数模型在2048和Sokoban上表现超越开源基线,接近闭源顶尖水平。
- 适合研究长周期决策、交互式环境中的智能体规划与稳定训练的学者。
现有大型语言模型智能体在需要长期规划的交互环境中表现不佳,主要因未来状态模拟时错误不断累积。为此,我们提出ProAct框架,通过双阶段训练使智能体内化精准的前瞻推理能力。首先,引入基于环境搜索轨迹的有监督微调方法GLAD,将复杂的搜索树压缩为简洁的因果推理链,使智能体学习前瞻性逻辑而无需推演时的高计算开销。其次,提出可插拔的蒙特卡洛批评者(MC-Critic),通过轻量级环境回溯校准价值估计,为PPO、GRPO等策略梯度算法提供低方差信号,实现稳定优化且无需昂贵模型基础的价值近似。在随机环境(如2048)和确定性环境(如Sokoban)上的实验表明,ProAct显著提升规划准确率。值得注意的是,经ProAct训练的40亿参数模型优于所有开源基线,媲美顶级闭源模型,并展现出对未见环境的强泛化能力。代码与模型已公开于https://github.com/GreatX3/ProAct。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Existing Large Language Model (LLM) agents struggle in interactive environments requiring long-horizon planning, primarily due to compounding errors when simulating future states. To address this, we propose ProAct, a framework that enables agents to internalize accurate lookahead reasoning through a two-stage training paradigm. First, we introduce Grounded LookAhead Distillation (GLAD), where the agent undergoes supervised fine-tuning on trajectories derived from environment-based search. By compressing complex search trees into concise, causal reasoning chains, the agent learns the logic of foresight without the computational overhead of inference-time search. Second, to further refine decision accuracy, we propose the Monte-Carlo Critic (MC-Critic), a plug-and-play auxiliary value estimator designed to enhance policy-gradient algorithms like PPO and GRPO. By leveraging lightweight environment rollouts to calibrate value estimates, MC-Critic provides a low-variance signal that facilitates stable policy optimization without relying on expensive model-based value approximation. Experiments on both stochastic (e.g., 2048) and deterministic (e.g., Sokoban) environments demonstrate that ProAct significantly improves planning accuracy. Notably, a 4B parameter model trained with ProAct outperforms all open-source baselines and rivals state-of-the-art closed-source models, while demonstrating robust generalization to unseen environments. The codes and models are available at https://github.com/GreatX3/ProAct
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