通过三视图融合检测时间序列异常,提升细微异常的识别能力。
LEFT: Learnable Fusion of Tri-view Tokens for Unsupervised Time Series Anomaly Detection
- 从时域、频域和多尺度三视图学习特征令牌,捕捉互补信息。
- 引入周期一致性约束与粗细结构重建目标,增强跨视图一致性。
- 无需复杂编码器,轻量级设计仍可有效检测细微异常,适合工业场景。
无监督时间序列异常检测(TSAD)旨在不依赖标注的情况下识别异常时间点。核心挑战在于多数异常在单一视图(如时域)中表现不明显,而是跨多个视图(时域、频域、多分辨率混合)呈现不一致。现有方法多采用特征或分数融合,但缺乏分析-合成一致性:频域分支未被要求通过逆变换重建时域信号,反之亦然。本文提出可学习三视图令牌融合框架LEFT,将异常建模为多视图间不一致。LEFT从同一时间序列中提取三类特征令牌:频域令牌(嵌入周期性)、时域令牌(捕捉局部动态)、多尺度令牌(学习不同粒度下的异常模式)。通过学习自适应奈奎斯特约束的谱滤波器,原始序列被重缩放为多分辨率并编码,使多尺度令牌补充频域与时域信息。在融合表示生成时,引入新目标:从粗粒度多尺度结构重建细粒度目标;并提出创新的时间-频率循环一致性约束,显式正则化跨视图一致性。由于训练中显式正则化跨视图对齐,LEFT可采用轻量级三视图编码器,同时保持三视图间高效协同。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
As a fundamental data mining task, unsupervised time series anomaly detection (TSAD) aims to build a model for identifying abnormal timestamps without assuming the availability of annotations. A key challenge in unsupervised TSAD is that many anomalies are too subtle to exhibit detectable deviation in any single view (e.g., time domain), and instead manifest as inconsistencies across multiple views like time, frequency, and a mixture of resolutions. However, most cross-view methods rely on feature or score fusion and do not enforce analysis-synthesis consistency, meaning the frequency branch is not required to reconstruct the time signal through an inverse transform, and vice versa. In this paper, we present Learnable Fusion of Tri-view Tokens (LEFT), a unified unsupervised TSAD framework that models anomalies as inconsistencies across complementary representations. LEFT learns feature tokens from three views of the same input time series: frequency domain tokens that embed periodicity information, time domain tokens that capture local dynamics, and multi-scale tokens that learn abnormal patterns at varying time series granularities. By learning a set of adaptive Nyquist-constrained spectral filters, the original time series is rescaled into multiple resolutions and then encoded, allowing these multi-scale tokens to complement the extracted frequency and time domain information. When generating the fused representation, we introduce a novel objective that reconstructs fine-grained targets from coarser multi-scale structure, and put forward an innovative time-frequency cycle consistency constraint to explicitly regularize cross-view agreement. As cross-view agreement is explicitly regularized during training, LEFT can adopt lightweight tri-view encoders while maintaining effective coordination among the three views.
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