arXiv:2602.10231cs.LGcs.AI2026-02被引 2

分块计算优势值,解决多目标生成中的奖励干扰问题。

Blockwise Advantage Estimation for Multi-Objective RL with Verifiable Rewards

  • 按文本块分别计算各目标的优势值,避免跨段奖励混淆。
  • 在数学任务中减少奖励干扰,性能媲美精心设计的奖励方法。
  • 无需额外滚动采样,适合需要多目标协同的生成场景。

Group Relative Policy Optimization(GRPO)为完整生成的所有词元分配单一标量优势值。对于具有显式段落与目标的结构化生成,这种方法会耦合不同段落间无关的奖励信号,导致目标干扰和信用误分配。本文提出分块优势估计(Blockwise Advantage Estimation),是一类兼容GRPO的方法,为每个目标分配专属优势值,并仅作用于对应文本块内的词元,降低对人工设计标量奖励的依赖,且天然支持新增目标。核心挑战在于:后续块的奖励依赖于已采样的前缀,标准无偏方法需从中间状态进行昂贵的嵌套滚动采样。为此,我们引入结果条件基线(Outcome-Conditioned Baseline),通过根据前缀导出的中间结果对样本分层,仅用组内统计近似中间状态价值。在带有不确定性估计的数学任务上,该方法有效缓解奖励干扰,性能可媲美先进奖励设计方法,同时保留置信度加权集成带来的测试时优势。更广泛地,它为结构化生成中序列目标优化提供了一种无需额外滚动采样的模块化方案。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) assigns a single scalar advantage to all tokens in a completion. For structured generations with explicit segments and objectives, this couples unrelated reward signals across segments, leading to objective interference and misattributed credit. We propose Blockwise Advantage Estimation, a family of GRPO-compatible methods that assigns each objective its own advantage and applies it only to the tokens in the corresponding text block, reducing reliance on hand-designed scalar rewards and scaling naturally to additional objectives. A key challenge is estimating advantages for later blocks whose rewards are conditioned on sampled prefixes; standard unbiased approaches require expensive nested rollouts from intermediate states. Concretely, we introduce an Outcome-Conditioned Baseline that approximates intermediate state values using only within-group statistics by stratifying samples according to a prefix-derived intermediate outcome. On math tasks with uncertainty estimation, our method mitigates reward interference, is competitive with a state-of-the-art reward-designed approach, and preserves test-time gains from confidence-weighted ensembling. More broadly, it provides a modular recipe for optimizing sequential objectives in structured generations without additional rollouts.

多目标强化学习生成优化奖励设计

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