用清单奖励替代可验证奖励,让智能体更稳定地完成多轮工具调用任务。
CM2: Reinforcement Learning with Checklist Rewards for Multi-Turn and Multi-Step Agentic Tool Use
- 将每轮行为拆解为带证据的二元检查项,实现稳定判断
- 在8000样本上训练,比监督微调提升8~12分
- 无需真实工具环境,适合大规模多步任务优化
AI智能体通过多轮交互和调用外部工具解决现实任务。但强化学习在此场景仍面临挑战:真实目标常无明确奖励信号,且多轮、多步工具使用研究不足;构建维护可执行工具环境成本高,限制规模与覆盖。本文提出CM2框架,以清单奖励替代可验证结果奖励。将每轮期望行为分解为细粒度二元判断标准,附带显式证据和结构化元数据,使开放式评估转化为更稳定的分类决策。方法采用稀疏奖励分配但密集评估标准,平衡稳定性与信息量。训练在大语言模型模拟的工具环境中进行,避免对大规模工具集的工程负担。实验表明,从8B基模型出发,在8000样本的强化学习数据集上训练,CM2在tau^-Bench上优于监督微调8分,在BFCL-V4上提升10分,于ToolSandbox上提升12分,结果达或超过同规模开源基线(含评判模型)。该方法为无需可验证奖励的多轮、多步工具使用智能体提供可扩展优化方案。代码已开源:https://github.com/namezhenzhang/CM2-RLCR-Tool-Agent。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
AI agents are increasingly used to solve real-world tasks by reasoning over multi-turn user interactions and invoking external tools. However, applying reinforcement learning to such settings remains difficult: realistic objectives often lack verifiable rewards and instead emphasize open-ended behaviors; moreover, RL for multi-turn, multi-step agentic tool use is still underexplored; and building and maintaining executable tool environments is costly, limiting scale and coverage. We propose CM2, an RL framework that replaces verifiable outcome rewards with checklist rewards. CM2 decomposes each turn's intended behavior into fine-grained binary criteria with explicit evidence grounding and structured metadata, turning open-ended judging into more stable classification-style decisions. To balance stability and informativeness, our method adopts a strategy of sparse reward assignment but dense evaluation criteria. Training is performed in a scalable LLM-simulated tool environment, avoiding heavy engineering for large tool sets. Experiments show that CM2 consistently improves over supervised fine-tuning. Starting from an 8B Base model and training on an 8k-example RL dataset, CM2 improves over the SFT counterpart by 8 points on tau^-Bench, by 10 points on BFCL-V4, and by 12 points on ToolSandbox. The results match or even outperform similarly sized open-source baselines, including the judging model. CM2 thus provides a scalable recipe for optimizing multi-turn, multi-step tool-using agents without relying on verifiable rewards. Code provided by the open-source community: https://github.com/namezhenzhang/CM2-RLCR-Tool-Agent.
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