通过学习接触力方向,实现低成本高鲁棒的物理操作模拟到现实迁移。
Direction Matters: Learning Force Direction Enables Sim-to-Real Contact-Rich Manipulation
- 在仿真中用人工设计的状态机控制器提供力方向指导,训练策略预测接触状态与力方向。
- 真实任务测试中成功率显著高于基线,仅需单个标量调参即可适配不同接触场景。
- 适合需要高精度接触控制的机器人操作任务,如插孔、开门等复杂交互场景。
接触丰富的物理操作从仿真到现实的迁移仍面临挑战,主要源于接触动力学的固有差异。现有方法多依赖昂贵的真实数据或使用固定控制器进行盲目柔顺控制。本文提出一种新框架,利用专家设计的控制器逻辑实现迁移。受运动学任务中特权监督成功的启发,我们在仿真中采用人工设计的基于状态机的位置/力控制器作为特权指导。训练得到的策略可预测末端执行器位姿、接触状态以及关键的期望接触力方向。相比力大小,力方向编码了高层任务几何信息,在仿真与现实间具有更强鲁棒性。部署时,这些预测结果用于配置力感知的顺应控制器。结合策略输出的方向意图与一个低代价手动调优的恒定力大小,系统生成自适应且任务对齐的柔顺行为。该调参过程轻量化,通常每种接触状态只需调整一个标量参数。我们提供了稳定性与抗干扰能力的理论分析。在微波炉开启、插销入孔、擦白板和开门四个真实任务上的实验表明,本方法在成功率和鲁棒性上均显著优于强基线。视频演示见:https://yifei-y.github.io/project-pages/DirectionMatters/。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Sim-to-real transfer for contact-rich manipulation remains challenging due to the inherent discrepancy in contact dynamics. While existing methods often rely on costly real-world data or utilize blind compliance through fixed controllers, we propose a framework that leverages expert-designed controller logic for transfer. Inspired by the success of privileged supervision in kinematic tasks, we employ a human-designed finite state machine based position/force controller in simulation to provide privileged guidance. The resulting policy is trained to predict the end-effector pose, contact state, and crucially the desired contact force direction. Unlike force magnitudes, which are highly sensitive to simulation inaccuracies, force directions encode high-level task geometry and remain robust across the sim-to-real gap. At deployment, these predictions configure a force-aware admittance controller. By combining the policy's directional intent with a constant, low-cost manually tuned force magnitude, the system generates adaptive, task-aligned compliance. This tuning is lightweight, typically requiring only a single scalar per contact state. We provide theoretical analysis for stability and robustness to disturbances. Experiments on four real-world tasks, i.e., microwave opening, peg-in-hole, whiteboard wiping, and door opening, demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms strong baselines in both success rate and robustness. Videos are available at: https://yifei-y.github.io/project-pages/DirectionMatters/.
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