arXiv:2602.15183cs.LGcs.CL2026-02被引 1

视觉数据训练让文本模型更会推理,打破位置依赖陷阱。

Seeing to Generalize: How Visual Data Corrects Binding Shortcuts

  • 用图像标记的文本任务训练,打破模型对位置的依赖
  • 纯文本模型在分布外任务准确率仅40%,加入视觉后提升至75%
  • 适合关注多模态如何提升单模态泛化能力的研究者

视觉语言模型(VLMs)虽以扩展大语言模型(LLMs)的视觉能力为目标,但本研究发现一个意外现象:VLMs在纯文本任务上表现优于其底层LLMs,尤其在长上下文信息检索中。为此,我们构建了受控的合成检索任务,发现仅用文本训练的Transformer在分布内准确率达100%,但分布外性能差;而后续用相同任务的图像标记版本训练后,文本分布外性能几乎翻倍。机制解码显示,视觉训练改变了模型内部绑定策略:纯文本训练诱发位置捷径,而图像训练通过空间平移不变性打断这些捷径,迫使模型采用更稳健的符号绑定机制,即使重新引入纯文本样本也保持有效。我们进一步分析了不同训练方式、视觉编码器和初始化下的绑定策略差异,并证实类似转变在预训练LLM到VLM的迁移过程中同样发生。结果表明,跨模态训练可增强单模态任务的推理与泛化能力。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Vision Language Models (VLMs) are designed to extend Large Language Models (LLMs) with visual capabilities, yet in this work we observe a surprising phenomenon: VLMs can outperform their underlying LLMs on purely text-only tasks, particularly in long-context information retrieval. To investigate this effect, we build a controlled synthetic retrieval task and find that a transformer trained only on text achieves perfect in-distribution accuracy but fails to generalize out of distribution, while subsequent training on an image-tokenized version of the same task nearly doubles text-only OOD performance. Mechanistic interpretability reveals that visual training changes the model's internal binding strategy: text-only training encourages positional shortcuts, whereas image-based training disrupts them through spatial translation invariance, forcing the model to adopt a more robust symbolic binding mechanism that persists even after text-only examples are reintroduced. We further characterize how binding strategies vary across training regimes, visual encoders, and initializations, and show that analogous shifts occur during pretrained LLM-to-VLM transitions. Our findings suggest that cross-modal training can enhance reasoning and generalization even for tasks grounded in a single modality.

多模态模型泛化符号绑定

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