无需导频和信道估计，实现无线联邦蒸馏的无偏聚合。
SCENE OTA-FD: Self-Centering Noncoherent Estimator for Over-the-Air Federated Distillation
- 设备将软标签转为非负发射能量，服务器用自中心估计消除噪声偏移。
- 方差随天线数M和重复因子S呈1/(SM)衰减，收敛性与相干方案一致。
- 适合短相干时长、硬件受限场景，比有导频方案更高效实用。
我们提出SCENE（自中心非相干估计器），一种无需导频且相位无关的无线联邦蒸馏（OTA-FD）聚合原语。每个设备在每轮固定功率和恒包络信号（峰值平均功率比近1）下，将其软标签（类别概率）向量映射为非负发射能量。在服务器端，自中心能量估计器消除噪声能量偏移，得到加权软标签平均的无偏估计，其方差随接收天线数M和重复因子S按1/(SM)下降。我们还设计了无需导频的比例归一化变体，可抵消未知的大尺度增益，并给出了与相干OTA-FD分析一致的收敛界，进行了基于开销的交叉比较。SCENE针对短相干时长和硬件受限场景，避免每轮信道状态信息至关重要：它以适度的非相干方差常数为代价，换取零上行导频、无偏聚合和硬件友好的传输，在导频开销不可忽略时甚至优于相干设计。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
We propose SCENE (Self-Centering Noncoherent Estimator), a pilot-free and phase-invariant aggregation primitive for over-the-air federated distillation (OTA-FD). Each device maps its soft-label (class-probability) vector to nonnegative transmit energies under constant per-round power and constant-envelope signaling (PAPR near 1). At the server, a self-centering energy estimator removes the noise-energy offset and yields an unbiased estimate of the weighted soft-label average, with variance decaying on the order of 1/(SM) in the number of receive antennas M and repetition factor S. We also develop a pilot-free ratio-normalized variant that cancels unknown large-scale gains, provide a convergence bound consistent with coherent OTA-FD analyses, and present an overhead-based crossover comparison. SCENE targets short-coherence and hardware-constrained regimes, where avoiding per-round CSI is essential: it trades a modest noncoherent variance constant for zero uplink pilots, unbiased aggregation, and hardware-friendly transmission, and can outperform coherent designs when pilot overhead is non-negligible.
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