用张量分解冻结权重,极小参数实现高效微调。
LORA-CRAFT: Cross-layer Rank Adaptation via Frozen Tucker Decomposition of Pre-trained Attention Weights
- 将多层注意力权重构造成三维张量,用HOSVD做张量分解并冻结因子
- 仅训练少量可学习变换矩阵,在LLaMA3上参数量少数百倍仍更优
- 适合大模型高效微调,尤其在模型越大时优势越明显
我们提出LoRA-CRAFT(CRAFT),一种极低参数量的微调方法。它将Transformer各层预训练注意力权重组织为跨层三维张量,通过高阶SVD(HOSVD)进行完整张量分解,冻结所有分解出的因子,并仅通过轻量级可训练变换矩阵适配每个因子。相比现有方法:传统张量方法分解梯度更新或分层处理;而本方法直接对预训练权重做跨层张量分解。在GLUE基准上使用RoBERTa-base和RoBERTa-large,以及在常识推理任务中使用LLaMA2-7B和LLaMA3-8B的实验表明,CRAFT性能媲美现有方法,但所需张量适配参数极低。在LLaMA3-8B上,其准确率超过LoRA,且参数量仅为后者的数百分之一;在LLaMA2-7B上,0.252M参数预算下表现同样更优。结果表明,随着模型规模增大,该方法的效率优势愈发显著,因冻结的张量因子能更好捕捉大模型中的跨层结构。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
We introduce LoRA-CRAFT (\textbf{C}ross-layer \textbf{R}ank \textbf{A}daptation via \textbf{F}rozen \textbf{T}ucker), abbreviated CRAFT throughout, an extremely parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) method that applies Tucker tensor decomposition to pre-trained attention weight matrices stacked across transformer layers and trains only small square adaptation matrices on the resulting frozen Tucker factors. Existing tensor-based PEFT methods decompose \textit{gradient updates}: LoTR applies Tucker decomposition with shared factor matrices, while SuperLoRA groups and reshapes $ΔW$ across layers before applying Tucker decomposition. Separately, methods such as PiSSA apply SVD to \textit{pre-trained weights} but operate independently per layer. CRAFT bridges these two lines of work: it performs full Tucker decomposition via Higher-Order SVD (HOSVD) directly on \textit{pre-trained weights} organized as cross-layer 3D tensors, freezes all resulting factors, and adapts the model through lightweight trainable transformations applied to each factor matrix. Experiments on the GLUE benchmark using RoBERTa-base and RoBERTa-large, as well as commonsense reasoning benchmarks using LLaMA2-7B and LLaMA3-8B, demonstrate that CRAFT achieves competitive performance with existing methods while requiring only \rev{\textbf{extremely low Tucker adaptation parameters}}. \fixw{On LLaMA3-8B, CRAFT} \rev{exceeds the average accuracy of LoRA} \textbf{using hundreds of times fewer parameters}\fixw{; on LLaMA2-7B the same holds at a $0.252$M budget}. Our results suggest that CRAFT's efficiency advantage grows with model scale, as the frozen Tucker factors better capture the richer cross-layer structure of larger pre-trained models.
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