arXiv:2602.18622cs.RO2026-02

无需通信的多机器人任务分配,通过预测队友竞标隐式协作。

FORMICA: Decision-Focused Learning for Communication-Free Multi-Robot Task Allocation

  • 机器人预测队友竞标分布,隐式协调避免冲突。
  • 16机器人64任务下提升系统奖励17%,接近最优解。
  • 训练仅需21秒,适合大规模快速部署场景。

现有多机器人任务分配方法依赖通信解决冲突,但在带宽受限、基础设施损坏或对抗干扰环境下性能急剧下降。本文提出基于学习的无通信框架FORMICA,通过预测队友竞标分布实现隐式协调。该方法纠正了分析性均场近似中的系统性误差,适应任务聚类与空间异质性。受智能预测-优化(SPO)启发,模型端到端训练以最小化任务分配遗憾而非预测误差。为扩展至大规模群体,采用均场近似:每台机器人仅需预测竞争竞标分布,将复杂度从$O(NT)$降至$O(T)$。实验表明,在16机器人64任务场景中,系统奖励提升17%,逼近最优混合整数线性规划(MILP)解;在256机器人4096任务场景下仍提升7%,展现强泛化能力。模型训练仅需21秒,可在笔记本上完成,支持快速环境适配。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Most multi-robot task allocation methods rely on communication to resolve conflicts and reach consistent assignments. In environments with limited bandwidth, degraded infrastructure, or adversarial interference, existing approaches degrade sharply. We introduce a learning-based framework that achieves high-quality task allocation without any robot-to-robot communication. The key idea is that robots coordinate implicitly by predicting teammates' bids: if each robot can anticipate competition for a task, it can adjust its choices accordingly. Our method predicts bid distributions to correct systematic errors in analytical mean-field approximations. While analytical predictions assume idealized conditions (uniform distributions, known bid functions), our learned approach adapts to task clustering and spatial heterogeneity. Inspired by Smart Predict-then-Optimize (SPO), we train predictors end-to-end to minimize Task Allocation Regret rather than prediction error. To scale to large swarms, we develop a mean-field approximation where each robot predicts the distribution of competing bids rather than individual bids, reducing complexity from $O(NT)$ to $O(T)$. We call our approach FORMICA: Field-Oriented Regret-Minimizing Implicit Coordination Algorithm. Experiments show FORMICA substantially outperforms a natural analytical baseline. In scenarios with 16 robots and 64 tasks, our approach improves system reward by 17% and approaches the optimal MILP solution. When deployed on larger scenarios (256 robots, 4096 tasks), the same model improves performance by 7%, demonstrating strong generalization. Training requires only 21 seconds on a laptop, enabling rapid adaptation to new environments.

多机器人任务分配无通信学习协调

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