解决多目标偏好微调中的循环偏好问题,让模型在复杂评分下仍能稳定优化。
Back to Blackwell: Closing the Loop on Intransitivity in Multi-Objective Preference Fine-Tuning
- 提出最大熵黑威尔赢家概念,从博弈论角度定义多目标下的最优策略
- 设计高效算法PROSPER,无需将多目标合并为单一指标即可实现训练
- 在3B和7B参数大模型上验证有效,优于所有基线方法
偏好微调中一个常见挑战是处理循环偏好(intransitive preferences),其根源可能来自单个目标上的不一致排序,或多个目标被压缩为单一度量。无论成因如何,循环偏好都会导致不存在明确最优策略,破坏标准偏好微调流程的核心假设。为此,我们提出一种新的博弈论解法——最大熵黑威尔赢家(MaxEntBW),该方法在多目标循环偏好下依然有明确定义。为实现大规模计算,我们推导出可证明高效的偏好微调算法PROSPER,该方法无需先对多目标进行标量转换,直接支持多目标自洽训练。我们将PROSPER应用于基于多目标语言模型评判器(如评分表式评判)的大型语言模型微调任务,这一场景中两种循环偏好来源均存在。实验表明,PROSPER在指令遵循与通用对话基准上均显著优于所有对比基线,并发布了3B和7B参数规模的训练模型检查点。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
A recurring challenge in preference fine-tuning (PFT) is handling $\textit{intransitive}$ (i.e., cyclic) preferences. Intransitive preferences often stem from either $\textit{(i)}$ inconsistent rankings along a single objective or $\textit{(ii)}$ scalarizing multiple objectives into a single metric. Regardless of their source, the downstream implication of intransitive preferences is the same: there is no well-defined optimal policy, breaking a core assumption of the standard PFT pipeline. In response, we propose a novel, game-theoretic solution concept, the $\textit{Maximum Entropy Blackwell Winner}$ ($\textit{MaxEntBW}$), that is well-defined under multi-objective intransitive preferences. To enable computing MaxEntBWs at scale, we derive $\texttt{PROSPER}$: a provably efficient PFT algorithm. Unlike prior self-play techniques, $\texttt{PROSPER}$ directly handles multiple objectives without requiring scalarization. We then apply $\texttt{PROSPER}$ to the problem of fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) from multi-objective LLM-as-a-Judge feedback (e.g., rubric-based judges), a setting where both sources of intransitivity arise. We find that $\texttt{PROSPER}$ outperforms all baselines considered across both instruction following and general chat benchmarks, releasing trained model checkpoints at the 7B and 3B parameter scales.
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