arXiv:2602.23085quant-phcs.LG2026-02

为量子电路生成模型设计了可溯源的水印框架,解决自动化设计中的版权保护难题。

Q-Tag: Watermarking Quantum Circuit Generative Models

  • 将水印嵌入生成过程而非单个电路,与模型训练协同工作。
  • 在多种扰动下仍能保持电路精度并稳定检测水印。
  • 适合量子算法设计者、云平台和专利保护需求方使用。

量子云平台因硬件稀缺和操作复杂,已成为主流的量子计算资源访问方式。在此服务化范式下,构成高价值知识产权的量子电路面临未经授权访问、复用和滥用的风险。数字水印被视作一种有前景的保护机制,通过嵌入所有权信息实现溯源与验证。然而,随着生成式人工智能的发展,量子电路设计正从手工构建转向基于量子电路生成模型(QCGMs)的自动化合成。现有事后、电路为中心的水印方法无法融入生成流程,难以同时保证隐蔽性、功能正确性和大规模鲁棒性。为此,本文提出首个针对QCGMs的水印框架,将所有权信号嵌入生成过程,同时保持电路保真度。引入对称采样策略以匹配模型的高斯先验,并设计同步机制通过潜在空间漂移校正对抗攻击。实验表明,该方法在多种扰动下仍能实现高保真生成与鲁棒水印检测,为人工智能驱动的量子设计提供可扩展、安全的版权保护路径。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Quantum cloud platforms have become the most widely adopted and mainstream approach for accessing quantum computing resources, due to the scarcity and operational complexity of quantum hardware. In this service-oriented paradigm, quantum circuits, which constitute high-value intellectual property, are exposed to risks of unauthorized access, reuse, and misuse. Digital watermarking has been explored as a promising mechanism for protecting quantum circuits by embedding ownership information for tracing and verification. However, driven by recent advances in generative artificial intelligence, the paradigm of quantum circuit design is shifting from individually and manually constructed circuits to automated synthesis based on quantum circuit generative models (QCGMs). In such generative settings, protecting only individual output circuits is insufficient, and existing post hoc, circuit-centric watermarking methods are not designed to integrate with the generative process, often failing to simultaneously ensure stealthiness, functional correctness, and robustness at scale. These limitations highlight the need for a new watermarking paradigm that is natively integrated with quantum circuit generative models. In this work, we present the first watermarking framework for QCGMs, which embeds ownership signals into the generation process while preserving circuit fidelity. We introduce a symmetric sampling strategy that aligns watermark encoding with the model's Gaussian prior, and a synchronization mechanism that counteracts adversarial watermark attack through latent drift correction. Empirical results confirm that our method achieves high-fidelity circuit generation and robust watermark detection across a range of perturbations, paving the way for scalable, secure copyright protection in AI-powered quantum design.

量子生成水印技术版权保护

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