用含个人信息的数据微调模型会削弱安全拒绝能力,增加隐私泄露风险。
The Hidden Costs of Domain Fine-Tuning: Pii-Bearing Data Degrades Safety and Increases Leakage
- 在真实客服数据上微调模型,尤其含个人隐私信息时,会破坏其安全拒答能力。
- 微调后模型对恶意提问的拒绝率从42.6%暴跌至个位数,且出现双位数的隐私泄露。
- 角色互换可缓解隐私泄露,但无法恢复原本的安全拒答行为,适合部署前评估。
领域微调常用于将小型指令微调语言模型部署为客服助手,但其对安全对齐行为和隐私保护的影响尚不明确。实际应用中,助手需处理包含情感、哲学或对抗性问题的域外请求。即使目标领域无害,专业化也可能导致模型拒绝能力下降、有害合规上升和隐私泄露。本研究通过受控实验,考察训练数据组成(是否含个人身份信息)与微调配置(角色互换)对开源聊天模型(最大80亿参数)安全性和域外行为的影响。在5,000条真实预订支持消息对上,分别进行三种设置:无PII无角色互换、含PII无角色互换、含PII角色互换。使用SORRY-Bench对抗性提示评估安全性,哲学问题集评估域外行为。结果显示,微调引发显著分布偏移,从高质量拒绝转向有害合规,尤其在含PII数据时最严重。例如,宏平均强拒绝率从基础模型的42.6%降至个位数,含PII的训练还产生双位数的有害响应及隐私泄露。在哲学问题上,微调模型表现出领域锚定,含PII训练时更会在无关语境下泄露敏感标识符。角色互换部分缓解了泄露,但未能可靠恢复拒绝行为。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Domain fine-tuning is a common path to deploy small instruction-tuned language models as customer-support assistants, yet its effects on safety-aligned behavior and privacy are not well understood. In real deployments, such assistants receive a mixture of benign in-domain requests and out-of-domain user queries that are emotional, philosophical, or adversarial. Even when the target domain is benign, specialization may shift model behavior in ways that weaken refusal, increase harmful compliance, and induce privacy leakage. We present a controlled empirical study of how training data composition (presence vs.\ removal of PII) and fine-tuning configuration (role-swapping (RS)) shape safety and out-of-domain behavior in open-source chat models up to 8B parameters. We fine-tune each model on 5{,}000 real booking-support message pairs under three settings: \textsc{NoPII-NoRS}, \textsc{PII-NoRS}, and \textsc{PII-RS} (role-swapped). We evaluate safety using \textsc{SORRY-Bench}~\cite{xie2024sorry} adversarial prompts and assess out-of-domain behavior using a suite of philosophical questions~\cite{betley2025emergent}. Across models, domain fine-tuning causes a large distributional shift from high-quality refusals toward harmful compliance on \textsc{SORRY-Bench}, with the most severe degradation when PII is present in the fine-tuning data. For example, macro-averaged strong refusal drops from $42.6\%$ in base models to single digits after fine-tuning, while PII-bearing runs additionally exhibit double-digit rates of harmful responses with PII leakage. On philosophical queries, fine-tuned models frequently exhibit domain anchoring and, when trained with PII, leak sensitive identifiers in irrelevant contexts. Role-swapping partially mitigates PII leakage but does not reliably restore refusal behavior.
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