发现视觉令牌中60%携带关键信息,可大幅精简模型计算。
What Do Visual Tokens Really Encode? Uncovering Sparsity and Redundancy in Multimodal Large Language Models
- 用新工具EmbedLens分析视觉令牌,发现其分三类:活跃、死寂、沉降。
- 仅约60%的视觉令牌含图像特有语义,且已包含物体、颜色等细粒度信息。
- 适合对视觉敏感的任务,直接注入中间层比浅层处理更高效。
多模态大语言模型将视觉令牌投影到语言模型的嵌入空间,但视觉语义的内部结构与处理机制仍不清晰。本文提出双层面分析框架,引入新探测工具EmbedLens,进行细粒度分析。发现输入层存在显著语义稀疏性:视觉令牌稳定分为沉降、死寂和活跃三类。令人惊讶的是,仅有约60%的输入令牌携带图像特异性意义。进一步通过定向补丁压缩基准测试表明,这些活跃令牌在进入语言模型前已编码丰富细粒度线索(如物体、颜色、OCR)。对于多数标准任务,内部视觉计算(如视觉注意力和前馈网络)是冗余的。仅对少数高度依赖视觉的任务,内部处理才真正有效;我们发现活跃令牌天然与语言模型中间层对齐,而非初始嵌入空间,说明浅层处理无必要,直接中层注入即可满足需求。最终,本研究为视觉令牌处理提供了统一机制视角,推动更高效、可解释的多模态大模型架构设计,支持选择性令牌剪枝、最小化视觉计算与中层注入。代码已公开于:https://github.com/EIT-NLP/EmbedLens。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) project visual tokens into the embedding space of language models, yet the internal structuring and processing of visual semantics remain poorly understood. In this work, we introduce a two-fold analytical framework featuring a novel probing tool, $\textbf{EmbedLens}$, to conduct a fine-grained analysis. We uncover a pronounced semantic sparsity at the input level: visual tokens consistently partition into sink, dead, and alive categories. Remarkably, only the alive tokens, comprising $\approx60\%$ of the total input, carry image-specific meaning. Furthermore, using a targeted patch-compression benchmark, we demonstrate that these alive tokens already encode rich, fine-grained cues (e.g., objects, colors, and OCR) prior to entering the LLM. Internal visual computations (such as visual attention and feed-forward networks) are redundant for most standard tasks. For the small subset of highly vision-centric tasks that actually benefit from internal processing, we reveal that alive tokens naturally align with intermediate LLM layers rather than the initial embedding space, indicating that shallow-layer processing is unnecessary and that direct mid-layer injection is both sufficient. Ultimately, our findings provide a unified mechanistic view of visual token processing, paving the way for more efficient and interpretable MLLM architectures through selective token pruning, minimized visual computation, and mid-layer injection. The code is released at: https://github.com/EIT-NLP/EmbedLens.
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