通过揭示角色榜样正负性,提升社会决策整体福利。
Revealing Positive and Negative Role Models to Help People Make Good Decisions
- 用局部信息引导社会规划者选择披露正负榜样以优化行为模仿
- 在有限预算下实现近似最优的社会福利,且各群体受益接近理论上限
- 提出新代理函数突破负榜样导致的非次模难题,适用于真实社交网络
我们研究一种场景:个体在社交网络中根据角色榜样做出行动,社会规划者可通过揭示榜样是否为正面或负面来协助个体。每个个体仅观察其局部邻域的角色榜样,但无法知晓其真实标签。揭示正面标签会鼓励模仿,揭示负面标签则引导转向其他选项。规划者掌握所有标签,但受限于披露预算,需选择性分配以最大化社会福利(即模仿相邻正面榜样的预期人数)。本文研究福利最大化的算法与计算复杂性,并给出在规划者仅观测部分样本时的样本复杂度保证。同时考虑不同群体的公平性保障。由于揭示负面榜样会破坏次模性,本文引入一个保持次模性的代理福利函数;当每个个体至多有常数个负面邻居时,该代理函数可实现对真实最优福利增益的常数倍近似。若个体属于不同群体,每组福利增益也保持在仅为其分配全部预算时最优值的常数倍内。此外,还提出直接连接高风险个体与正面榜样的干预模型,以及扩展被选正面榜样的可见范围的覆盖半径模型。最后,在四个真实数据集上进行大规模实验,验证理论结果并评估所提算法的有效性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
We consider a setting where agents take action by following their role models in a social network, and study strategies for a social planner to help agents by revealing whether the role models are positive or negative. Specifically, agents observe a local neighborhood of possible role models they can emulate, but do not know their true labels. Revealing a positive label encourages emulation, while revealing a negative one redirects agents toward alternative options. The social planner observes all labels, but operates under a limited disclosure budget that it selectively allocates to maximize social welfare (the expected number of agents who emulate adjacent positive role models). We consider both algorithms and hardness results for welfare maximization, and provide a sample-complexity guarantee when the planner observes a sampled subset of agents. We also consider fairness guarantees when agents belong to different groups. It is a technical challenge that the ability to reveal negative role models breaks submodularity. We thus introduce a proxy welfare function that remains submodular even when revealed targets include negative ones. When each agent has at most a constant number of negative target neighbors, we use this proxy to achieve a constant-factor approximation to the true optimal welfare gain. When agents belong to different groups, we also show that each group's welfare gain is within a constant factor of the optimum achievable if the full budget were allocated to that group. Beyond this basic model, we also propose an intervention model that directly connects high-risk agents to positive role models, and a coverage radius model that expands the visibility of selected positive role models. Lastly, we conduct extensive experiments on four real-world datasets to support our theoretical results and assess the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
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