通过统一视觉与文本间的距离一致性,提升VLM在分布外检测中的性能。
Mind the Way You Select Negative Texts: Pursuing the Distance Consistency in OOD Detection with VLMs
- 从文本侧设计跨模态负样本选择准则,保持距离一致性。
- 动态识别高置信度分布外图像并反向生成负文本嵌入。
- 在ImageNet和Near-OOD上分别降低3.47%的误报率、提升5.50%的准确率,适合追求高鲁棒性的应用。
分布外(OOD)检测旨在识别未知类别的样本,是机器学习模型在开放世界场景中部署的关键能力。近期研究表明,视觉语言模型(VLMs)可利用其多模态表征实现有效的OOD检测。然而,现有方法常引入模内距离,如将负文本与已知类别标签比较,或测试图像与图像代理比较,这与CLIP类VLM所优化的跨模态距离存在本质不一致,可能导致性能下降。为此,我们提出InterNeg框架,从文本与视觉双视角系统性增强一致的跨模态距离。文本侧设计跨模态负样本选择准则;视觉侧动态识别高置信度分布外图像,并将其映射到文本空间,生成由跨模态距离引导的额外负文本嵌入。在多个基准上的大量实验表明,该方法显著优于现有工作:在大规模ImageNet基准上FPR95降低3.47%,在挑战性的Near-OOD基准上AUROC提升5.50%。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection seeks to identify samples from unknown classes, a critical capability for deploying machine learning models in open-world scenarios. Recent research has demonstrated that Vision-Language Models (VLMs) can effectively leverage their multi-modal representations for OOD detection. However, current methods often incorporate intra-modal distance during OOD detection, such as comparing negative texts with ID labels or comparing test images with image proxies. This design paradigm creates an inherent inconsistency against the inter-modal distance that CLIP-like VLMs are optimized for, potentially leading to suboptimal performance. To address this limitation, we propose InterNeg, a simple yet effective framework that systematically utilizes consistent inter-modal distance enhancement from textual and visual perspectives. From the textual perspective, we devise an inter-modal criterion for selecting negative texts. From the visual perspective, we dynamically identify high-confidence OOD images and invert them into the textual space, generating extra negative text embeddings guided by inter-modal distance. Extensive experiments across multiple benchmarks demonstrate the superiority of our approach. Notably, our InterNeg achieves state-of-the-art performance compared to existing works, with a 3.47% reduction in FPR95 on the large-scale ImageNet benchmark and a 5.50% improvement in AUROC on the challenging Near-OOD benchmark.
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