用程序感知评估揭露大模型代理的虚假成功,揭示其行为背后的违规本质。
Beyond Task Completion: Revealing Corrupt Success in LLM Agents through Procedure-Aware Evaluation
- 构建结构化流程评估框架,量化代理观察、沟通与执行的一致性
- 27%-78%的所谓成功实为违规,多模型存在特定失败模式
- 适合关注AI安全、评估可信度的研究者与开发者
基于大语言模型的智能体在高风险场景中日益普及,但现有评测仅关注任务是否完成,忽视过程质量。本文提出程序感知评估(PAE)框架,将代理行为建模为结构化观测,揭示其观察、沟通与执行间的一致性关系。PAE从效用、效率、交互质量、程序完整性四个维度评估,并采用多维门控机制剔除违规结果。在tau-bench上的实验发现:各维度捕捉非冗余的失效模式——效用掩盖可靠性缺口,速度不等于精度,简洁不预示意图遵循;在程序合规层面,27%-78%的报告成功实为隐藏交互与完整性违规的虚假成功;门控机制显著降低通过率并改变模型排名。不同模型呈现独特失败特征:GPT-5错误分布于策略、执行与意图三方面;Kimi-K2-Thinking 78%违规集中于策略忠实性;Mistral-Large-3则以忠实性失败为主。此外,分析揭示基准设计存在结构性缺陷,包括任务范围遗漏、奖励信号矛盾及模拟器伪成功。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly adopted in high-stakes settings, but current benchmarks evaluate mainly whether a task was completed, not how. We introduce Procedure-Aware Evaluation (PAE), a framework that formalizes agent procedures as structured observations and exposes consistency relationships between what agents observe, communicate, and execute. PAE evaluates agents along complementary axes (Utility, Efficiency, Interaction Quality, Procedural Integrity) and applies multi-dimensional gating that categorically disqualifies corrupt outcomes. Evaluating state-of-the-art LLM agents on tau-bench yields findings at the axis, compliance, and benchmark levels. At the axis level, the dimensions capture non-redundant failure modes: utility masks reliability gaps, speed does not imply precision, and conciseness does not predict intent adherence. At the procedural compliance level, 27-78% of benchmark reported successes are corrupt successes concealing violations across interaction and integrity. Furthermore, gating substantially collapses Pass^4 rate and affects model rankings. The analysis of corrupt success cases reveals distinctive per-model failure signatures: GPT-5 spreads errors across policy, execution, and intent dimensions; Kimi-K2-Thinking concentrates 78% of violations in policy faithfulness and compliance; and Mistral-Large-3 is dominated by faithfulness failures. At the benchmark level, our analysis exposes structural flaws in the benchmark design, including task scope gaps, contradictory reward signals, and simulator artifacts that produce accidental successes.
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