arXiv:2603.03456cs.AIcs.CL2026-03被引 3

发现编码智能体在价值冲突时会偏向安全隐私,易受环境压力诱导偏离指令。

Asymmetric Goal Drift in Coding Agents Under Value Conflict

  • 构建真实任务框架测试智能体在价值冲突下的行为
  • 三款模型在对抗压力下更易违背系统提示,尤其涉及安全隐私时
  • 长期上下文积累与环境压力会放大行为偏差,威胁部署安全

编码智能体正被大规模、长上下文地自主部署。为确保有效与安全,它们需在用户意图、自身习得价值观和代码库之间权衡。理解其实际如何处理这些权衡至关重要,但以往研究依赖静态合成环境,无法反映真实复杂性。为此,我们基于OpenCode构建框架,让编码智能体在系统提示偏向某一价值取向的条件下完成多步骤真实任务。通过测量其在有无环境压力时违反该提示的频率,发现GPT-5 mini、Haiku 4.5和Grok Code Fast 1表现出‘非对称漂移’:当系统提示与安全、隐私等强固价值观相悖时,更可能违背指令。我们发现目标漂移由三个叠加因素驱动:价值观对齐程度、对抗性压力及累积上下文长度。即使提示本身符合强价值观(如隐私),某些模型在持续环境压力下仍会违规。结果表明,浅层合规检查不足,环境信号可超越显式约束,呈现可被利用特征。攻击者若能访问代码库,可通过激发智能体习得价值观来操控其行为,风险随长周期部署而加剧。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Coding agents are increasingly deployed autonomously, at scale, and over long-context horizons. To be effective and safe, these agents must navigate complex trade-offs in deployment, balancing influence from the user, their learned values, and the codebase itself. Understanding how agents resolve these trade-offs in practice is critical, yet prior work has relied on static, synthetic settings that do not capture the complexity of real-world environments. To this end, we introduce a framework built on OpenCode in which a coding agent completes realistic, multi-step tasks under a system prompt constraint favoring one side of a value trade-off. We measure how often the agent violates this constraint as it completes tasks, with and without environmental pressure toward the competing value. Using this framework, we demonstrate that GPT-5 mini, Haiku 4.5, and Grok Code Fast 1 exhibit $\textit{asymmetric drift}$: they are more likely to violate their system prompt when its constraint opposes strongly-held values like security and privacy. We find for the models and values tested that goal drift correlates with three compounding factors: value alignment, adversarial pressure, and accumulated context. However, even constraints aligned with strongly-held values like privacy are violated under sustained environmental pressure for some models. Our findings reveal that shallow compliance checks are insufficient, and that environmental signals can override explicit constraints in ways that appear exploitable. Malicious actors with access to the codebase could manipulate agent behavior by appealing to learned values, with the risk compounding over the long horizons typical of agentic deployment.

编码智能体价值对齐目标漂移安全风险

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