顶尖推理评分模型易被攻击,实际在检测语言流畅度而非逻辑正确性。
Reward Under Attack: Analyzing the Robustness and Hackability of Process Reward Models
- 构建三级对抗测试框架,逐步施加攻击压力以评估漏洞。
- 梯度攻击使无效推理获得高分,43%的分数提升来自表面风格捷径。
- 适合关注大模型安全与评估可靠性的研究者和工程师。
过程奖励模型(PRMs)正成为大语言模型推理流水线的核心,但我们证明当前最先进的PRMs在对抗优化压力下存在系统性可利用漏洞。为此,我们提出一个三层诊断框架,逐步施加对抗压力以量化其脆弱性。静态扰动分析揭示了流畅性与逻辑性的分离:对表面风格变化高度鲁棒(奖励变化<0.1),却无法一致识别逻辑错误的推理,不同模型在不同攻击类型下失效。对抗优化表明,基于梯度的攻击能显著提高无效轨迹的奖励,奖励空间中存在广泛且可被利用的峰值。强化学习诱导的奖励劫持暴露了关键缺陷:在AIME问题上,策略训练后获得超过0.9的PRM奖励,但真实准确率低于4%,其中43%的奖励增长源于风格捷径。这些发现表明,当前PRMs更像流畅性检测器而非推理验证器,导致系统性盲区,削弱其作为训练信号的有效性。我们发布了PRM-BiasBench和诊断工具包,支持部署前的鲁棒性评估。代码与数据集见https://github.com/SqueezeAILab/reward-under-attack。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Process Reward Models (PRMs) are rapidly becoming the backbone of LLM reasoning pipelines, yet we demonstrate that state-of-the-art PRMs are systematically exploitable under adversarial optimization pressure. To address this, we introduce a three-tiered diagnostic framework that applies increasing adversarial pressure to quantify these vulnerabilities. Static perturbation analysis uncovers a fluency-logic dissociation: high invariance to surface-level style changes reward changes $<$0.1, yet inconsistent detection of logically-corrupted reasoning, with different models failing on different attack types. Adversarial optimization demonstrates that gradient-based attacks inflate rewards on invalid trajectories, with reward landscapes exhibiting wide, exploitable peaks. RL-induced reward hacking exposes the critical failure mode: policies trained on AIME problems achieve near-perfect PRM rewards ($>$0.9), while ground-truth accuracy remains low (below 4%), with 43% of reward gains attributable to stylistic shortcuts. These findings reveal that current PRMs function as fluency detectors rather than reasoning verifiers, creating systematic blind spots that undermine their use as training signals. We release PRM-BiasBench and a diagnostic toolkit to enable robustness evaluation before deployment. The code and dataset are available at https://github.com/SqueezeAILab/reward-under-attack.
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