arXiv:2603.08926cs.RO2026-03

无需外部设施,磁感应实现微型无人机精准返航着陆

Fly, Track, Land: Infrastructure-less Magnetic Localization for Heterogeneous UAV-UGV Teaming

  • 用主动磁场频分复用技术,让无人机在无人工地标下定位
  • 静态时定位误差厘米级,动态时均方根误差8-11厘米
  • 适合资源受限的微型无人机与地面机器人协同任务

持久运行的空地机器人团队需要微型无人机从移动地面机器人上起飞,执行短时侦察或巡检任务后可靠返回紧凑着陆接口。这一最后对接阶段极具挑战:需在移动平台上实现厘米级相对定位,而微型无人机仅有数克载荷及严重传感、供电与计算约束。本文提出一种面向异构无人机-地面机器人协同的无基础设施磁感应锚点定位系统。不同于被动磁性对接装置或利用环境磁特征的方法,该系统在地面机器人上主动生成频率复用的交流磁场,并以此作为机载定位参考实现闭环飞行。微型无人机仅携带轻量级无源接收线圈,直接在地面机器人坐标系中估计三维位置,提供悬停、跟踪和着陆所需的近距离局部参考,无需外部锚点、视觉标记、GNSS或运动捕捉系统在线支持。磁定位结果与机载感知数据融合,在满足微型无人机尺寸、重量与功耗(SWaP)限制的前提下实现稳定运行。在Unitree A1四足机器人与Crazyflie微型无人机上的实验,对比运动捕捉真值显示:静态悬停与着陆时达到厘米级精度,地面机器人运动时均方根误差约8-11厘米;而仅依赖流场的基线方法频繁突破安全边界并导致任务失败。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Persistent air ground robot teams require nano UAVs that can leave a mobile UGV, perform short scouting or inspection tasks, and reliably return to a compact landing interface. This final docking phase remains difficult: it demands centimeter-scale relative localization on a moving platform, while nano UAVs provide only a few grams of payload and severe onboard sensing, power, and computation constraints. We address this problem with an infrastructure-less magneto inductive anchor-tag localization system for heterogeneous UAV-UGV teaming. Unlike passive magnetic docking aids or approaches exploiting environmental magnetic features, the proposed system actively generates a frequency multiplexed AC magnetic field on the UGV and uses it as an onboard localization reference for closed loop flight. The nano UAV carries only a lightweight passive receive coil and estimates its 3D position directly in the UGV frame, providing a local close range reference for hovering, tracking, and landing without external anchors, visual fiducials, GNSS, or motion capture online. The magnetic estimate is fused with the native onboard sensing stack, enabling operation under nano UAV SWaP constraints. Experiments with a Unitree A1 quadruped and a Crazyflie nano UAV, evaluated against motion capture ground truth, show centimeter level accuracy in static hovering and landing and approximately 8-11 cm RMSE during UGV motion, while the flow only baseline frequently violates the safety bound and fails the task.

无人机磁定位协同控制微型机器人

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