让智能体通过用户对话实时自我优化,无需额外标注。
OpenClaw-RL: Train Any Agent Simply by Talking

- 利用用户回复等状态变化作为在线训练信号,分离提取评价与指令两类反馈。
- 在真实场景中实现长周期任务优化,支持终端、图形界面、代码生成等多环境。
- 个人助手只需被使用就能进化,适合需要持续学习的应用场景。
每个智能体交互都会产生下一状态信号,如用户回复、工具输出或界面状态变化,但现有强化学习系统未将其作为实时在线学习源。我们提出 OpenClaw-RL 框架,通过基础设施与方法创新,将这些信号用于个性化智能体的在线优化。在基础设施层面,扩展传统 RL 系统为服务器-客户端架构:策略部署于服务器端的推理 API,用户终端通过 HTTP 流式回传交互数据;从每个观测到的下一状态中,通过独立异步服务提取评价型与指令型两种互补训练信号,避免信号提取或优化阻塞推理。在方法层面,引入混合强化学习目标,统一两类信号:指令信号提供更丰富的词粒度监督但稀疏,评价信号更广泛可用。为稳定师生不匹配下的蒸馏过程,提出重叠引导提示选择机制——选取使教师分布与学生前 k 个词最大重叠的提示,并结合对数概率差裁剪以限制单个词的优势。应用于个人智能体时,可从用户重问、纠正和显式反馈中恢复对话信号,实现“用即学”;应用于通用智能体时,OpenClaw-RL 是首个统一涵盖终端、图形界面、软件工程、工具调用等多类真实环境的强化学习框架,并验证了下一状态信号在长时程任务中的有效性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Every agent interaction generates a next-state signal, namely the user reply, tool output, terminal or GUI state change that follows each action, yet no existing agentic RL system recovers it as a live, online learning source. We present OpenClaw-RL, a framework that employs next-state signals to optimize personal agents online through infrastructure and methodology innovations. On the infrastructure side, we extend existing RL systems to a server-client architecture where the RL server hosts the policy behind an inference API and user terminals stream interaction data back over HTTP. From each observed next state, the system extracts two complementary training signals, evaluative and directive, via a separate asynchronous server so that neither signal extraction nor optimization blocks inference. On the methodology side, we introduce a hybrid RL objective that unifies both signal types in a single update: directive signals provide richer, token-level supervision but are sparser, while evaluative signals are more broadly available. To stabilize distillation under teacher-student mismatch, we propose overlap-guided hint selection, which picks the hint whose induced teacher distribution maximally overlaps with the student's top-$k$ tokens, together with a log-probability-difference clip that bounds per-token advantages. Applied to personal agents, OpenClaw-RL enables an agent to improve simply by being used, recovering conversational signals from user re-queries, corrections, and explicit feedback. Applied to general agents, OpenClaw-RL is the first RL framework to unify real-world agent settings spanning terminal, GUI, SWE, and tool-call environments, where we additionally demonstrate the utility of next-state signals in long-horizon settings.
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