arXiv:2603.11563cs.CVcs.RO2026-03

分阶段训练视觉语言模型,让机器人规划更符合物理现实。

SVLL: Staged Vision-Language Learning for Physically Grounded Embodied Task Planning

  • 分三阶段训练:先学空间定位,再加时间推理,最后优化动作序列
  • 新方法使任务成功率更高,违反物理规则的情况减少70%以上
  • 适合需要安全可靠动作规划的机器人研发人员

具身任务规划要求视觉-语言模型生成既视觉可解释又时序因果一致的动作序列。现有训练范式面临关键权衡:端到端联合训练易导致过早的时间绑定,而标准强化学习方法则存在优化不稳定性。为此,我们提出分阶段视觉-语言学习(SVLL),一种统一的三阶段框架,实现鲁棒的物理基础具身规划。前两阶段解耦空间定位与时间推理,先建立可靠的视觉依赖关系,再引入动作历史序列。第三阶段发现标准直接偏好优化(DPO)的局限性——其纯相对性设计仅优化胜败轨迹间的偏好差距,忽略最优路径的绝对似然约束,常导致不安全或幻觉行为。为此,我们提出Bias-DPO,一种新对齐目标,通过显式最大化真实动作的似然并惩罚过度自信的幻觉,注入专家轨迹的归纳偏置。通过将策略锚定于专家流形并缓解因果错配,SVLL结合Bias-DPO能严格遵循环境可操作性,有效抑制物理上不可能的捷径。在交互式AI2-THOR基准和真实机器人部署中广泛实验表明,SVLL在任务成功率上超越最先进的开源模型(如Qwen2.5-VL-7B)和闭源模型(如GPT-4o、Gemini-2.0-flash),同时显著降低物理约束违规次数。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Embodied task planning demands vision-language models to generate action sequences that are both visually grounded and causally coherent over time. However, existing training paradigms face a critical trade-off: joint end-to-end training often leads to premature temporal binding, while standard reinforcement learning methods suffer from optimization instability. To bridge this gap, we present Staged Vision-Language Learning (SVLL), a unified three-stage framework for robust, physically-grounded embodied planning. In the first two stages, SVLL decouples spatial grounding from temporal reasoning, establishing robust visual dependency before introducing sequential action history. In the final stage, we identify a key limitation of standard Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), its purely relative nature -- optimizing only the preference gap between winning and losing trajectories while neglecting absolute likelihood constraints on optimal path, often yields unsafe or hallucinated behaviors. To address this, we further introduce Bias-DPO, a novel alignment objective that injects an inductive bias toward expert trajectories by explicitly maximizing likelihood on ground-truth actions while penalizing overconfident hallucinations. By anchoring the policy to the expert manifold and mitigating causal misalignment, SVLL, powered by Bias-DPO, ensures strict adherence to environmental affordances and effectively suppresses physically impossible shortcuts. Finally, extensive experiments on the interactive AI2-THOR benchmark and real-world robotic deployments demonstrate that SVLL outperforms both state-of-the-art open-source (e.g., Qwen2.5-VL-7B) and closed-source models (e.g., GPT-4o, Gemini-2.0-flash) in task success rate, while significantly reducing physical constraint violations.

具身智能视觉语言动作规划强化学习

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