大模型推荐股票时被数据操控,却因评估盲区无法察觉风险错配。
Sell Me This Stock: Unsafe Recommendation Drift in LLM Agents
- 用工具数据操控测试,发现模型仍忠实输出错误推荐。
- 95%风险错配由当前轮次数据污染导致,非记忆累积。
- 即使识别出数据篡改,仍会推荐高风险股票,适合金融安全研究者。
人们越来越多地使用大语言模型代理进行多轮金融推荐,代理通过工具获取市场数据并跟踪用户偏好。当工具输出被操纵时,推荐结果与用户声明的风险承受能力严重不符,但标准指标如NDCG仅衡量普遍相关性,无法区分高风险与低风险股票,导致评估失效。我们称此为评价盲区。在八种语言模型上重放23轮金融咨询对话,每轮分别使用干净和被操控的数据。质量评分几乎无差异,但模型在65%-99%的轮次中产生风险错配推荐,所有模型均一致。机制可逐轮观察:1,840轮中80%的风险评分引用完全复现操控值,无一轮提出异议;对高风险股票采用安全表述的比例从14%(Qwen2.5-7B)到69%(Claude Sonnet 4.6)不等。前沿模型良好代理性的根源——基于工具输出忠实推理——也使其易受操控。损害并非由记忆驱动:仅污染当前轮次即可引发95%的违规。模型内部能区分操控(稀疏自编码器特征可分离对抗性与随机扰动),但未转化为安全输出。激活层干预仅恢复不足6%的安全差距,提示层自验证失败,因其检查也读取相同操控数据。参数化交叉验证可在每轮识别99%-100%的污染,但最终推荐仍不变:模型识别篡改后仍推荐该股票。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
People increasingly use LLM agents for multi-turn financial recommendations, where the agent pulls market data through tools and tracks user preferences across turns. When tool outputs are manipulated, the recommendations stop matching the user's stated risk profile, but because standard metrics like NDCG only score general relevance, risky and safe stocks score alike, so the metric says nothing went wrong. We call this gap evaluation blindness. We replay 23-turn financial advisory conversations across eight language models, running each dialogue twice with clean and manipulated tool data. Quality scores stay nearly identical to clean sessions while the agents produce risk-mismatched recommendations in 65-99% of turns, unanimous across all eight models. The mechanism is visible turn-by-turn: 80% of risk-score citations across 1,840 turns reproduce the manipulated value verbatim, not a single turn pushes back, and safe-language framing of high-risk stocks ranges from 14% (Qwen2.5-7B) to 69% (Claude Sonnet 4.6). The property that makes frontier models good agents, faithfully grounding their reasoning in tool outputs, also makes them follow manipulated ones. The damage is not memory-driven: contaminating only the current turn still produces 95% of the violations. The model internally distinguishes the manipulation (sparse autoencoder features separate adversarial from random perturbations), but this does not translate into safer output. Activation-level interventions recover under 6% of the safety gap, prompt-level self-verification fails because the self-check reads the same manipulated data, and a parametric cross-check that flags contamination at 99-100% per turn on a frontier model still leaves aggregate suitability unchanged: the agent identifies the tampering and recommends it anyway.
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