稀疏性设计能缓解大模型深度失效问题,提升深层网络利用率。
When Does Sparsity Mitigate the Curse of Depth in LLMs
- 通过隐式与显式稀疏机制降低层间方差传播
- 深层模型输出方差下降,各层贡献差异更明显
- 提供可落地的训练优化建议,提升下游任务准确率4.6%
近期研究揭示了大语言模型中的深度诅咒现象:深层网络对学习和表征的贡献低于浅层。这与预归一化导致的方差累积有关,使深层模块趋于近似恒等映射。本文证明,类似稀疏性的机制可抑制方差传播,并改善深度利用率。我们考察两类稀疏性来源:(i) 隐式稀疏性,包括权重衰减引发的权重稀疏与长上下文输入导致的注意力稀疏;(ii) 显式稀疏性,如分组查询注意力中的键值共享、专家混合模型中的专家激活稀疏。通过受控的深度扩展实验与针对性层效干预,我们发现:有效交互密度降低的机制,其输出方差更低且层间区分度更高。最终提炼出一种实用的训练准则,在下游任务中实现4.6%的准确率提升。结果表明,稀疏性设计是高效扩展模型深度的关键但被低估的因素。代码见https://github.com/pUmpKin-Co/SparsityAndCoD。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Recent work has demonstrated the curse of depth in large language models (LLMs), where later layers contribute less to learning and representation than earlier layers. Such under-utilization is linked to the accumulated growth of variance in Pre-Layer Normalization, which can push deep blocks toward near-identity behavior. In this paper, we provide evidence that sparsity-like mechanisms can dampen variance propagation and are associated with improved depth utilization Our investigation covers two sources of sparsity: (i) implicit sparsity, which emerges from training and data conditions, including weight sparsity induced by weight decay and attention sparsity induced by long-context inputs; and (ii) explicit sparsity, which is enforced by architectural design, including key/value-sharing in Grouped-Query Attention and expert-activation sparsity in Mixtureof-Experts. Our claim is thoroughly supported by controlled depth-scaling experiments and targeted layer effectiveness interventions. Across settings, we observe a consistent relationship: mechanisms with reduced effective interaction density tend to exhibit lower output variance and better layer differentiation. We eventually distill our findings into a practical rule-of-thumb recipe for training depth-effective LLMs, yielding a notable 4.6 accuracy improvement on downstream tasks. Our results suggest that sparsity-like design choices are an important and previously underemphasized factor in effective depth scaling for LLMs. Code is available at https://github. com/pUmpKin-Co/SparsityAndCoD.
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