通过分步重构恶意意图,突破大模型安全防护
Structured Semantic Cloaking for Jailbreak Attacks on Large Language Models
- 将攻击指令拆解并隐藏在多个片段中,延迟模型识别恶意意图
- 在多模型测试中提升攻击成功率12.4%至26%不等
- 适合研究模型安全漏洞或对抗攻防的从业者
现代大语言模型的安全机制不仅限于表层输入过滤,还深入到潜在语义表示和生成时推理,可在推断过程中恢复被混淆的恶意意图并拒绝响应,导致许多表层混淆类越狱攻击失效。本文提出结构化语义掩蔽(S2C)框架,通过操控模型推理时恶意意图的重构方式实现越狱。S2C通过三重机制:上下文重构,将请求嵌入高风险场景以诱导模型配合;内容碎片化,将请求的语义特征分散至独立提示段落;线索引导伪装,在隐藏残留语义线索的同时嵌入可恢复标记以引导输出生成。该方法通过延缓并重构语义整合过程,削弱依赖解码时一致或显式重构恶意意图的安全触发器,同时保留足够指令可恢复性以生成有效输出。在HarmBench和JBB-Behaviors上评估显示,相比当前最先进方法,S2C在攻击成功率(ASR)上分别提升12.4%和9.7%。尤其在GPT-5-mini上,其表现优于最强基线26%。我们进一步分析不同组合对各类模型的有效性,并刻画了混淆程度与输入可恢复性之间的权衡关系。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Modern LLMs employ safety mechanisms that extend beyond surface-level input filtering to latent semantic representations and generation-time reasoning, enabling them to recover obfuscated malicious intent during inference and refuse accordingly, and rendering many surface-level obfuscation jailbreak attacks ineffective. We propose Structured Semantic Cloaking (S2C), a novel multi-dimensional jailbreak attack framework that manipulates how malicious semantic intent is reconstructed during model inference. S2C strategically distributes and reshapes semantic cues such that full intent consolidation requires multi-step inference and long-range co-reference resolution within deeper latent representations. The framework comprises three complementary mechanisms: (1) Contextual Reframing, which embeds the request within a plausible high-stakes scenario to bias the model toward compliance; (2) Content Fragmentation, which disperses the semantic signature of the request across disjoint prompt segments; and (3) Clue-Guided Camouflage, which disguises residual semantic cues while embedding recoverable markers that guide output generation. By delaying and restructuring semantic consolidation, S2C degrades safety triggers that depend on coherent or explicitly reconstructed malicious intent at decoding time, while preserving sufficient instruction recoverability for functional output generation. We evaluate S2C across multiple open-source and proprietary LLMs using HarmBench and JBB-Behaviors, where it improves Attack Success Rate (ASR) by 12.4% and 9.7%, respectively, over the current SOTA. Notably, S2C achieves substantial gains on GPT-5-mini, outperforming the strongest baseline by 26% on JBB-Behaviors. We also analyse which combinations perform best against broad families of models, and characterise the trade-off between the extent of obfuscation versus input recoverability on jailbreak success.
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