arXiv:2603.16867cs.LGcs.CL2026-03

让小模型在手机上高效推理,速度更快更省资源。

Efficient Reasoning on the Edge

  • 用轻量LoRA适配器+监督微调,让小模型学会推理。
  • 强化学习控制推理长度,响应变短损失精度极小。
  • 按需激活推理和共享缓存,首次出结果更快。

大型语言模型(LLM)通过思维链推理在复杂任务中表现卓越,但其冗长的推理过程和大上下文需求使其难以部署到边缘设备。主要挑战包括高生成成本、大键值缓存占用,以及将推理能力压缩到小模型时的效率问题。现有方法常从大模型蒸馏冗长且风格重复的推理轨迹,不适合移动端推理。本文提出一种轻量级方法:结合LoRA适配器与监督微调,使小模型具备推理能力;引入基于强化学习的预算强制机制,显著缩短输出长度且精度损失极小;针对内存瓶颈,采用并行测试时扩展提升准确率,仅小幅增加延迟;还设计动态适配器切换机制,在必要时才启用推理,并在提示编码阶段共享键值缓存,有效降低首次出字时间。在Qwen2.5-7B上的实验表明,该方法在严格资源约束下实现高效、准确的推理,使大模型推理真正适用于移动场景。视频演示见项目主页。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large language models (LLMs) with chain-of-thought reasoning achieve state-of-the-art performance across complex problem-solving tasks, but their verbose reasoning traces and large context requirements make them impractical for edge deployment. These challenges include high token generation costs, large KV-cache footprints, and inefficiencies when distilling reasoning capabilities into smaller models for mobile devices. Existing approaches often rely on distilling reasoning traces from larger models into smaller models, which are verbose and stylistically redundant, undesirable for on-device inference. In this work, we propose a lightweight approach to enable reasoning in small LLMs using LoRA adapters combined with supervised fine-tuning. We further introduce budget forcing via reinforcement learning on these adapters, significantly reducing response length with minimal accuracy loss. To address memory-bound decoding, we exploit parallel test-time scaling, improving accuracy at minor latency increase. Finally, we present a dynamic adapter-switching mechanism that activates reasoning only when needed and a KV-cache sharing strategy during prompt encoding, reducing time-to-first-token for on-device inference. Experiments on Qwen2.5-7B demonstrate that our method achieves efficient, accurate reasoning under strict resource constraints, making LLM reasoning practical for mobile scenarios. Videos demonstrating our solution running on mobile devices are available on our project page.

边缘推理LoRA轻量化小模型

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