用自然语言切片实现精准任务授权,防住恶意操作却不用用户逐项确认。
Beyond OAuth: Task-Scoped Authorization for AI Agents via Natural Language Slices
- 通过自然语言切片生成操作符号规范,绑定具体值与来源。
- 在100个正常任务上全部通过,634个恶意调用全部拦截。
- 适合需要频繁调用工具的AI代理,提升安全与易用性。
AI代理通过调用Web服务执行用户的自然语言任务,但当前基于OAuth的授权仅针对操作符(如转账),而非操作(操作符加操作数,如向鲍勃转100美元)。由于操作数具有组合性、数量性和运行时动态计算特性,仅按操作符授权必然导致过度授权。为此,本文提出精确任务范围隐式授权(PAuth):提交具体自然语言任务后,系统自动授权其忠实执行所需的全部操作,即使代理被攻破(如恶意软件或提示注入)。每个服务器独立生成一个自然语言切片,作为预期调用的符号化描述,并将实际值封装在带签名的信封中,确保每个操作(不仅是操作符)都与用户任务一致。我们在AuthBench上评估PAuth,该基准基于AgentDojo构建,并在OpenClaw上交叉验证,涵盖五个服务套件,包含100个良性任务和634个恶意调用。所有100个良性任务均被隐式授权,所有634个恶意调用均被阻止。许多任务需多次工具调用完成。PAuth的独特优势在于,用户无需对每次调用及中间结果进行显式批准,显著提升安全性和可用性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
AI agents increasingly execute users' natural-language (NL) tasks by calling Web services, yet today's Web authorizes these calls through OAuth, which grants permissions over operators (e.g., TRANSFER), not operations (operator plus operands, e.g., transfer $100 to Bob). This gap cannot be closed by refining scope granularity, because operands are combinatorial, quantitative, and often derived from runtime computations across servers. Operator-scoped authorization therefore inherently overprivileges agents. We propose Precise Task-Scoped Implicit Authorization (PAuth): submitting a concrete NL task implicitly authorizes exactly the operations its faithful execution requires, even when the agent is compromised (e.g., by malware or prompt injection). Each server independently derives an NL slice, a symbolic specification of the expected call inspired by program slicing, and server-produced values are wrapped in signed envelopes that bind concrete values to symbolic provenance. Together, they enforce that every operation, not just the operator, is consistent with the user's task, closing the gap that OAuth leaves open. We evaluate PAuth on AuthBench, a benchmark we build on top of AgentDojo and cross-validate on OpenClaw, spanning five service suites with 100 benign tasks and 634 adversarial calls. All 100 benign tasks are implicitly authorized and all 634 adversarial calls are blocked. Many tasks require multiple tool calls to complete. A unique value of PAuth is that it frees users from having to approve each call with concrete operand values, including intermediate results they never specified. This enhances both security and usability.
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