arXiv:2603.18570cs.LGcs.CR2026-03被引 1

攻击者通过诱导图神经网络删数据,让模型在合规删除后突然失效。

Attack by Unlearning: Unlearning-Induced Adversarial Attacks on Graph Neural Networks

  • 用精心设计的节点污染训练图,伪装成合法删除请求
  • 删除后模型准确率大幅下降,最高损失超30%
  • 适合关注隐私合规与模型安全的研究者

图神经网络(GNN)广泛应用于社交网络、推荐系统和金融平台等图结构数据场景。为满足GDPR、CCPA和PIPEDA等隐私法规要求,近似图去学习(approximate graph unlearning)——即在不重新训练的前提下移除特定数据点的影响——已成为可信图学习的重要组成部分。然而,近似去学习常导致细微性能下降,可能带来意外负面后果。本文首次揭示:此类退化可被放大为对抗性攻击。我们提出「去学习污染攻击」(unlearning corruption attacks),攻击者先向训练图中注入精心设计的节点,再以法律强制要求删除。由于删除请求不可拒绝,该攻击面既不可避免又隐蔽:模型训练时表现正常,但去学习后准确率骤降。技术上,我们将攻击建模为双层优化问题,针对黑盒去学习与标签稀缺挑战,采用基于梯度的更新逼近去学习过程,并用代理模型生成伪标签辅助优化。跨多个基准和去学习算法的实验证明,少量精心设计的删除请求即可引发显著准确率下降,凸显了真实监管压力下GNN去学习的脆弱性。代码将在论文接收后公开。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are widely used for learning from graph-structured data in domains such as social networks, recommender systems, and financial platforms. To comply with privacy regulations like the GDPR, CCPA, and PIPEDA, approximate graph unlearning, which aims to remove the influence of specific data points from trained models without full retraining, has become an increasingly important component of trustworthy graph learning. However, approximate unlearning often incurs subtle performance degradation, which may incur negative and unintended side effects. In this work, we show that such degradations can be amplified into adversarial attacks. We introduce the notion of \textbf{unlearning corruption attacks}, where an adversary injects carefully chosen nodes into the training graph and later requests their deletion. Because deletion requests are legally mandated and cannot be denied, this attack surface is both unavoidable and stealthy: the model performs normally during training, but accuracy collapses only after unlearning is applied. Technically, we formulate this attack as a bi-level optimization problem: to overcome the challenges of black-box unlearning and label scarcity, we approximate the unlearning process via gradient-based updates and employ a surrogate model to generate pseudo-labels for the optimization. Extensive experiments across benchmarks and unlearning algorithms demonstrate that small, carefully designed unlearning requests can induce significant accuracy degradation, raising urgent concerns about the robustness of GNN unlearning under real-world regulatory demands. The source code will be released upon paper acceptance.

图神经网络隐私合规对抗攻击

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