arXiv:2603.19974cs.CRcs.AI2026-03被引 7

黑客通过伪装成正常操作,悄悄操控编程机器人执行恶意任务。

Trojan's Whisper: Stealthy Manipulation of OpenClaw through Injected Bootstrapped Guidance

  • 用伪装成正规指引的恶意代码,潜入系统初始配置
  • 攻击成功率16%到64%,多数操作无需用户确认
  • 94%的恶意插件躲过现有检测工具,适合研究安全防御者

自主编程代理正被广泛集成到软件开发流程中,具备超越代码建议的能力,可主动交互系统环境。OpenClaw作为该范式代表平台,通过初始化时的生命周期钩子支持第三方开发者注入行为指引。这一设计虽提升自动化与定制化能力,却也引入了全新且未被探索的攻击面。本文识别并系统分析了‘引导注入’这一隐蔽攻击向量:攻击者将恶意操作叙事嵌入引导文件中,使其看似常规最佳实践。这些内容被自动纳入代理的认知框架,影响后续任务执行而不触发警报。我们构建了26个恶意技能,涵盖13类攻击,包括凭据窃取、工作区破坏、权限提升和持久后门安装。在自建的ORE-Bench真实开发环境基准上评估,面对52个自然用户指令及6个主流LLM后端,攻击成功率达16.0%至64.2%,多数恶意行为由代理自主执行。此外,94%的恶意技能可规避现有静态与基于LLM的扫描器。研究揭示了自主代理生态设计中的根本矛盾,强调需建立基于能力隔离、运行时策略控制和透明引导溯源的防御体系。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Autonomous coding agents are increasingly integrated into software development workflows, offering capabilities that extend beyond code suggestion to active system interaction and environment management. OpenClaw, a representative platform in this emerging paradigm, introduces an extensible skill ecosystem that allows third-party developers to inject behavioral guidance through lifecycle hooks during agent initialization. While this design enhances automation and customization, it also opens a novel and unexplored attack surface. In this paper, we identify and systematically characterize guidance injection, a stealthy attack vector that embeds adversarial operational narratives into bootstrap guidance files. Unlike traditional prompt injection, which relies on explicit malicious instructions, guidance injection manipulates the agent's reasoning context by framing harmful actions as routine best practices. These narratives are automatically incorporated into the agent's interpretive framework and influence future task execution without raising suspicion.We construct 26 malicious skills spanning 13 attack categories including credential exfiltration, workspace destruction, privilege escalation, and persistent backdoor installation. We evaluate them using ORE-Bench, a realistic developer workspace benchmark we developed. Across 52 natural user prompts and six state-of-the-art LLM backends, our attacks achieve success rates from 16.0% to 64.2%, with the majority of malicious actions executed autonomously without user confirmation. Furthermore, 94% of our malicious skills evade detection by existing static and LLM-based scanners. Our findings reveal fundamental tensions in the design of autonomous agent ecosystems and underscore the urgent need for defenses based on capability isolation, runtime policy enforcement, and transparent guidance provenance.

AI安全编程代理隐蔽攻击

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