通过精确调控噪声,实现时间序列预测的严格分布评估
Noise Titration: Exact Distributional Benchmarking for Probabilistic Time Series Forecasting
- 用可控高斯噪声注入混沌系统,将预测转为分布推断任务
- 零样本模型在噪声升高时失效,而Fern模型保持结构精度
- 适合关注模型鲁棒性与分布校准的研究者
现代时间序列预测几乎完全依赖单一历史轨迹的被动观察,导致对模型非平稳鲁棒性的声明无法验证。我们提出干预式、精确统计的评估范式:通过系统性地将校准的高斯观测噪声注入已知的混沌与随机动力系统,将预测从黑箱序列匹配游戏转变为精确的分布推断任务。由于数据生成过程和噪声方差数学明确,评估可基于精确的负对数似然和校准的分布检验,而非启发式近似。为充分利用该框架,我们将Fern架构扩展为概率生成模型,原生参数化对称正定(SPD)锥,无需通用雅可比建模即可输出校准的联合协方差结构。在此严格评估下,发现最先进零样本基础模型行为一致表现为上下文鹦鹉效应,在非平稳突变和高噪声条件下系统性失败;而Fern则显式捕捉了底层动态的不变测度与多变量几何,保持结构保真与统计校准精度,恰在大规模序列匹配模型崩溃之处表现稳健。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Modern time series forecasting is evaluated almost entirely through passive observation of single historical trajectories, rendering claims about a model's robustness to non-stationarity fundamentally unfalsifiable. We propose a paradigm shift toward interventionist, exact-statistical benchmarking. By systematically titrating calibrated Gaussian observation noise into known chaotic and stochastic dynamical systems, we transform forecasting from a black-box sequence matching game into an exact distributional inference task. Because the underlying data-generating process and noise variance are mathematically explicit, evaluation can rely on exact negative log-likelihoods and calibrated distributional tests rather than heuristic approximations. To fully leverage this framework, we extend the Fern architecture into a probabilistic generative model that natively parameterizes the Symmetric Positive Definite (SPD) cone, outputting calibrated joint covariance structures without the computational bottleneck of generic Jacobian modeling. Under this rigorous evaluation, we find that state-of-the-art zero-shot foundation models behave consistently with the context-parroting mechanism, failing systematically under non-stationary regime shifts and elevated noise. In contrast, Fern explicitly captures the invariant measure and multivariate geometry of the underlying dynamics, maintaining structural fidelity and statistically sharp calibration precisely where massive sequence-matching models collapse.
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