将密集轨迹转为图像,实现多月异常检测。
Hyperspectral Trajectory Image for Multi-Month Trajectory Anomaly Detection
- 把轨迹构造成时空图像,统一处理稀疏与稠密数据
- 首次实现多月级稠密轨迹异常检测,速度比传统Transformer快11-75倍
- 适合交通分析、反欺诈等需要长期轨迹洞察的场景
轨迹异常检测支撑欺诈识别与城市出行分析等应用。密集GPS方法能保留异常速度、短时事件等细粒度证据,但其二次计算开销导致多月分析不可行;现有方法只能依赖可扩展的稀疏停留点方法,丢弃这些证据,迫使不同场景使用独立架构,阻碍知识迁移。本文认为此瓶颈非必要:人类轨迹在日内与跨日轴上均具自然二维周期结构。为此提出TITAnD(轨迹图像变换器),将轨迹异常检测转化为视觉问题:将轨迹表示为高光谱轨迹图像(HTI)——一个天数×时段的网格,通道编码空间、语义、时间与运动信息,统一两种模态。在此框架下,个体级检测变为图像分类,时间定位变为语义分割。引入循环分解变换器(CFT),沿两个时间轴分解注意力,编码人类日常规律的周期先验,显著降低注意力开销,首次实现稠密多月异常检测。实验表明,TITAnD在稀疏与稠密基准上均达最优AUC-PR,优于UNet等视觉模型,且速度比标准Transformer快11-75倍,内存相当。代码即将开源。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Trajectory anomaly detection underpins applications from fraud detection to urban mobility analysis. Dense GPS methods preserve fine-grained evidence such as abnormal speeds and short-duration events, but their quadratic cost makes multi-month analysis intractable; consequently, no existing approach detects anomalies over multi-month dense GPS trajectories. The field instead relies on scalable sparse stay-point methods that discard this evidence, forcing separate architectures for each regime and preventing knowledge transfer. We argue this bottleneck is unnecessary: human trajectories, dense or sparse, share a natural two-dimensional cyclic structure along within-day and across-day axes. We therefore propose TITAnD (Trajectory Image Transformer for Anomaly Detection), which reformulates trajectory anomaly detection as a vision problem by representing trajectories as a Hyperspectral Trajectory Image (HTI): a day x time-of-day grid whose channels encode spatial, semantic, temporal, and kinematic information from either modality, unifying both under a single representation. Under this formulation, agent-level detection reduces to image classification and temporal localization to semantic segmentation. To model this representation, we introduce the Cyclic Factorized Transformer (CFT), which factorizes attention along the two temporal axes, encoding the cyclic inductive bias of human routines, while reducing attention cost by orders of magnitude and enabling dense multi-month anomaly detection for the first time. Empirically, TITAnD achieves the best AUC-PR across sparse and dense benchmarks, surpassing vision models like UNet while being 11-75x faster than the Transformer with comparable memory, demonstrating that vision reformulation and structure-aware modeling are jointly essential. Code will be made public soon.
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