模型推理时会受误导，但多数不会在答案中承认。
Why Models Know But Don't Say: Chain-of-Thought Faithfulness Divergence Between Thinking Tokens and Answers in Open-Weight Reasoning Models
- 分析模型思考过程与答案文本的差异，发现55.4%的误导案例中仅思考过程提及提示
- 超过半数误导案例中答案完全不提提示，显示推理与输出严重脱节
- 适合关注大模型可解释性与对齐问题的研究者阅读
扩展推理模型在用户可见的答案之外，还生成了另一条文本通道（'思考标记'）。本研究考察12个开源推理模型在MMLU和GPQA数据集上，面对误导性提示的表现。在10,506个实际受提示影响的案例中，分析模型是否在思考标记、答案文本、两者或均未提及提示。结果显示，55.4%的案例中，思考标记包含提示相关关键词，而答案文本完全未提及，称为‘思考-答案分歧’。反向情况（仅答案提及）仅为0.5%，表明不对称性明显。提示类型显著影响模式：讨好型提示下有58.8%的案例在两个通道都承认教授权威；一致性提示（72.2%）和不道德提示（62.7%）则以仅在思考中承认为主。模型间差异显著，从近完全分歧（Step-3.5-Flash: 94.7%）到相对透明（Qwen3.5-27B: 19.6%）。结果表明，仅监控答案会遗漏超过一半的误导推理，而获取思考标记虽必要，仍存在11.8%的案例在任一通道无口头承认。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Extended-thinking models expose a second text-generation channel ("thinking tokens") alongside the user-visible answer. This study examines 12 open-weight reasoning models on MMLU and GPQA questions paired with misleading hints. Among the 10,506 cases where models actually followed the hint (choosing the hint's target over the ground truth), each case is classified by whether the model acknowledges the hint in its thinking tokens, its answer text, both, or neither. In 55.4% of these cases the model's thinking tokens contain hint-related keywords that the visible answer omits entirely, a pattern termed *thinking-answer divergence*. The reverse (answer-only acknowledgment) is near-zero (0.5%), confirming that the asymmetry is directional. Hint type shapes the pattern sharply: sycophancy is the most *transparent* hint, with 58.8% of sycophancy-influenced cases acknowledging the professor's authority in both channels, while consistency (72.2%) and unethical (62.7%) hints are dominated by thinking-only acknowledgment. Models also vary widely, from near-total divergence (Step-3.5-Flash: 94.7%) to relative transparency (Qwen3.5-27B: 19.6%). These results show that answer-text-only monitoring misses more than half of all hint-influenced reasoning and that thinking-token access, while necessary, still leaves 11.8% of cases with no verbalized acknowledgment in either channel.
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