arXiv:2603.27294cs.CV2026-03被引 1

针对自动驾驶3D占位预测中的类别不平衡问题,提出一种智能选样策略。

Class-Distribution Guided Active Learning for 3D Occupancy Prediction in Autonomous Driving

  • 基于类别分布引导的主动学习框架,融合多样性与稀有类关注机制。
  • 仅用42.4%标注数据即达26.62 mIoU,接近全监督性能。
  • 适用于多数据集,对行人、锥桶等稀有物体识别更有效。

3D占位预测为自动驾驶提供密集空间理解,但其体素表示导致严重类别不平衡——安全关键物体(如自行车、锥桶、行人)占据的体素极少,而背景占主导。此外,体素级标注成本高,投入于多数类效率低。为此,我们提出一种基于类别分布引导的主动学习框架,用于选择自动驾驶数据集中需标注的样本。方法结合三项互补标准:样本间差异性优先选择预测类别分布与已标注集不同的样本;组内多样性避免每轮采样重复;频率加权不确定性通过反向重加权每个样本的类别比例来强化稀有类的体素级熵。为保证评估有效性,采用地理上分离的Occ3D-nuScenes训练/验证划分,减少训练-验证重叠,防止地图记忆。仅使用42.4%标注数据,模型达到26.62 mIoU,媲美全监督结果,并优于现有主动学习基线。进一步在SemanticKITTI上以不同架构验证,证明其跨数据集泛化能力一致有效。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

3D occupancy prediction provides dense spatial understanding critical for safe autonomous driving. However, this task suffers from a severe class imbalance due to its volumetric representation, where safety-critical objects (bicycles, traffic cones, pedestrians) occupy minimal voxels compared to dominant backgrounds. Additionally, voxel-level annotation is costly, yet dedicating effort to dominant classes is inefficient. To address these challenges, we propose a class-distribution guided active learning framework for selecting training samples to annotate in autonomous driving datasets. Our approach combines three complementary criteria to select the training samples. Inter-sample diversity prioritizes samples whose predicted class distributions differ from those of the labeled set, intra-set diversity prevents redundant sampling within each acquisition cycle, and frequency-weighted uncertainty emphasizes rare classes by reweighting voxel-level entropy with inverse per-sample class proportions. We ensure evaluation validity by using a geographically disjoint train/validation split of Occ3D-nuScenes, which reduces train-validation overlap and mitigates potential map memorization. With only 42.4% labeled data, our framework reaches 26.62 mIoU, comparable to full supervision and outperforming active learning baselines at the same budget. We further validate generality on SemanticKITTI using a different architecture, demonstrating consistent effectiveness across datasets.

3D占位主动学习自动驾驶类别不平衡

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