arXiv:2603.28743cs.LG2026-03被引 8

提出新型参数化框架,实现大模型训练稳定高效跨规模迁移。

Rethinking Language Model Scaling under Transferable Hypersphere Optimization

  • 基于超球面约束的参数化方法,统一优化学习率转移规律。
  • 单个基础学习率在6×10²¹ FLOPs下提升1.58倍计算效率。
  • 适用于多尺度、MoE架构,显著增强训练稳定性与专家均衡性。

大语言模型的缩放规律高度依赖优化器和参数化方式。现有超参数迁移法则主要针对一阶优化器,无法从根本上防止大规模训练中的不稳定性。近期的超球面优化方法将权重矩阵约束在固定范数的超球面上,为更稳定的缩放提供了新路径。本文提出HyperP(超球面参数化),首个在Frobenius球约束下结合Muon优化器,支持模型宽度、深度、训练样本量及Mixture-of-Experts(MoE)粒度间最优学习率迁移的框架。我们证明权重衰减在Frobenius球上为一阶零操作,表明深度-μP仍必要,并发现最优学习率遵循与AdamW相同的数据缩放幂律,'魔法指数'为0.32。仅需在最小规模调优一个基础学习率,即可跨所有计算预算有效迁移,使6×10²¹ FLOPs下的计算效率相比强基线提升1.58倍。此外,HyperP实现可迁移的稳定性:所有监测的不稳定性指标(包括Z值、输出均方根、激活异常值)在训练FLOPs增长时均保持有界且非递增。我们还提出SqrtGate——一种源自超球面约束的MoE门控机制,能保持不同粒度下输出均方根一致,改善粒度缩放性能;并证明超球面优化允许使用更大辅助负载均衡权重,兼顾性能与专家均衡性。代码已开源于https://github.com/microsoft/ArchScale。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Scaling laws for large language models depend critically on the optimizer and parameterization. Existing hyperparameter transfer laws are mainly developed for first-order optimizers, and they do not structurally prevent training instability at scale. Recent hypersphere optimization methods constrain weight matrices to a fixed-norm hypersphere, offering a promising alternative for more stable scaling. We introduce HyperP (Hypersphere Parameterization), the first framework for transferring optimal learning rates across model width, depth, training tokens, and Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) granularity under the Frobenius-sphere constraint with the Muon optimizer. We prove that weight decay is a first-order no-op on the Frobenius sphere, show that Depth-$μ$P remains necessary, and find that the optimal learning rate follows the same data-scaling power law with the "magic exponent" 0.32 previously observed for AdamW. A single base learning rate tuned at the smallest scale transfers across all compute budgets under HyperP, yielding $1.58\times$ compute efficiency over a strong Muon baseline at $6\times10^{21}$ FLOPs. Moreover, HyperP delivers transferable stability: all monitored instability indicators, including $Z$-values, output RMS, and activation outliers, remain bounded and non-increasing under training FLOPs scaling. We also propose SqrtGate, an MoE gating mechanism derived from the hypersphere constraint that preserves output RMS across MoE granularities for improved granularity scaling, and show that hypersphere optimization enables substantially larger auxiliary load-balancing weights, yielding both strong performance and good expert balance. We release our training codebase at https://github.com/microsoft/ArchScale.

超球面优化模型缩放MoE训练稳定

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