arXiv:2604.01438cs.AI2026-04被引 12

测试高权限AI代理在真实工作场景下的安全漏洞,发现模型+框架共同决定安全水平。

ClawSafety: "Safe" LLMs, Unsafe Agents

  • 构建120个真实场景的攻击测试集,覆盖开发、金融等五类专业环境。
  • 攻击成功率40%~75%,技能文件注入比邮件/网页更危险,因信任度高。
  • 强调模型与框架协同影响安全,需整体评估而非只看模型本身。

个人AI代理如OpenClaw在用户本地以高权限运行,一次成功的提示注入即可泄露凭证、篡改金融交易或删除文件。现有安全评测方法存在局限:多数在孤立聊天环境中测试,依赖合成数据,且未考虑代理框架对安全结果的影响。我们提出CLAWSAFETY,一个包含120个对抗性测试场景的基准,按危害领域、攻击向量和有害行为类型三维度组织,基于软件工程、金融、医疗、法律及DevOps等真实高权限专业工作空间构建。每个测试案例将恶意内容嵌入代理日常接触的三种渠道之一:工作区技能文件、可信发件人邮件、网页内容。评估五个前沿LLM作为代理核心,共执行2,520次沙箱实验。攻击成功率达40%至75%,且依注入方式显著差异——技能指令(最高信任)始终最危险。动作追踪分析显示,最强模型能严格阻止凭证转发与破坏性操作,而弱模型则允许。跨框架实验在三个代理框架上进一步表明,安全性不仅由核心模型决定,还取决于完整部署栈,要求将模型与框架视为联合变量进行安全评估。代码与数据将公开于:https://weibowen555.github.io/ClawSafety/。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Personal AI agents like OpenClaw run with elevated privileges on users' local machines, where a single successful prompt injection can leak credentials, redirect financial transactions, or destroy files. This threat goes well beyond conventional text-level jailbreaks, yet existing safety evaluations fall short: most test models in isolated chat settings, rely on synthetic environments, and do not account for how the agent framework itself shapes safety outcomes. We introduce CLAWSAFETY, a benchmark of 120 adversarial test scenarios organized along three dimensions (harm domain, attack vector, and harmful action type) and grounded in realistic, high-privilege professional workspaces spanning software engineering, finance, healthcare, law, and DevOps. Each test case embeds adversarial content in one of three channels the agent encounters during normal work: workspace skill files, emails from trusted senders, and web pages. We evaluate five frontier LLMs as agent backbones, running 2,520 sandboxed trials across all configurations. Attack success rates (ASR) range from 40\% to 75\% across models and vary sharply by injection vector, with skill instructions (highest trust) consistently more dangerous than email or web content. Action-trace analysis reveals that the strongest model maintains hard boundaries against credential forwarding and destructive actions, while weaker models permit both. Cross-scaffold experiments on three agent frameworks further demonstrate that safety is not determined by the backbone model alone but depends on the full deployment stack, calling for safety evaluation that treats model and framework as joint variables. Code and data will be available at: https://weibowen555.github.io/ClawSafety/.

AI安全提示注入代理框架评估基准

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