提出自修正方法,让大模型在有噪声标签时仍能稳定推理。
Can LLMs Learn to Reason Robustly under Noisy Supervision?
- 基于滚动验证机制,区分静默和活跃噪声标签,识别其影响路径。
- 发现早期正确性一致性现象,指导模型在训练初期同步提升对干净与噪声数据的准确率。
- 设计在线标签精炼机制,利用多数投票动态修正错误标签,适合高噪声场景下的推理训练。
强化学习结合可验证奖励(RLVR)能有效训练依赖大量完美标注的推理模型,但其对因专家稀缺而不可避免的噪声标签的脆弱性尚未被充分研究。本文首次系统分析了RLVR中的噪声标签机制。不同于监督分类,多数RLVR算法采用基于回溯的条件:标签仅在当前策略能生成实现该标签的回溯路径时才影响训练,这一特性天然延伸至噪声标签。据此,我们区分两类噪声:静默噪声(降低数据效率)与活跃噪声(被强化,可能使模型偏离正确分布)。实验发现,在含噪样本训练中存在‘早期正确性一致性’现象:尽管后期噪声样本表现滞后,但干净与噪声样本的准确率在早期同步上升。受此启发,我们提出在线标签精炼(OLR)方法,当满足多数答案回溯通过率呈正斜率且历史一致性稳定时,用多数投票结果逐步修正潜在噪声标签,实现随策略优化的渐进式自我修正。我们在六个分布内数学推理基准(AIME24/25、AMC、MATH-500、Minerva、Olympiad)及三个分布外任务(ARC-c、GPQA-diamond、MMLU-pro)上评估,噪声比例从0.1到0.9,OLR在分布内平均提升3.6%~3.9%,分布外提升3.3%~4.6%,显著增强鲁棒性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) effectively trains reasoning models that rely on abundant perfect labels, but its vulnerability to unavoidable noisy labels due to expert scarcity remains critically underexplored. In this work, we take the first step toward a systematic analysis of noisy label mechanisms in RLVR. In contrast to supervised classification, most RLVR algorithms incorporate a rollout-based condition: a label's influence on training is contingent on whether the current policy can generate rollouts that realize it, a property that naturally extends to noisy labels. Based on this observation, we distinguish two types of noise: inactive noisy labels, which reduce data efficiency, and active noisy labels, which are reinforced and risk skewing the model toward incorrect distributions. From experiments on training with noisy samples, we identify an Early Correctness Coherence phenomenon: although noisy samples begin to lag behind in later stages, accuracy on both clean and noisy samples increases similarly in early training. Motivated by this dynamic, we propose Online Label Refinement (OLR), which progressively corrects potentially noisy labels with majority-voted answers when two conditions hold: a positive slope in the majority answer's rollout pass rate and stable historical consistency across updates, enabling gradual self-correction as the policy improves. We evaluate OLR on six in-distribution mathematical reasoning benchmarks (AIME24/25, AMC, MATH-500, Minerva, and Olympiad) and three out-of-distribution tasks (ARC-c, GPQA-diamond, and MMLU-pro). Across noise ratios from 0.1 to 0.9, OLR consistently improves robustness under both inactive and active noisy-label settings, achieving average gains of 3.6% to 3.9% on in-distribution benchmarks and 3.3% to 4.6% on out-of-distribution evaluations.
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