arXiv:2604.04087cs.LG2026-04

用排列空间的层级结构实现无需浮点参数的分类,突破传统神经网络范式。

ArrowFlow: Hierarchical Machine Learning in the Space of Permutations

  • 基于排列距离与置换矩阵累积,构建无梯度的排序过滤器
  • 在鸢尾花数据集上达2.7%错误率,优于3.3%的基线方法
  • 单个多项式参数可调控鲁棒性、隐私保护与准确率,适合低功耗硬件

我们提出ArrowFlow,一种完全在排列空间中运行的机器学习架构。其计算单元为排名滤波器,通过斯皮尔曼脚距比较输入,并利用置换矩阵累积进行更新,这是一种基于位移证据的非梯度规则。层间以层级方式组合:前一层输出的排序作为下一层输入,实现深度序数表示学习,核心计算不包含任何浮点参数。该架构与阿罗不可能定理关联,显示社会选择公平公理(上下文依赖、专业化、对称性破坏)的违背可作为非线性、稀疏性和稳定性的归纳偏置。实验涵盖UCI表格基准、MNIST、癌症基因表达分类(TCGA)及偏好数据,均与网格搜索调优的基线对比。ArrowFlow在Iris数据集上错误率为2.7%,优于3.3%的基线,多数UCI数据集表现竞争力。仅一个参数——多项式阶数,即可作为主控开关:阶数1时具备噪声鲁棒性(降级减少8-28%)、隐私保护(成本+0.5pp)和缺失特征韧性;更高阶数则以牺牲这些特性换取清洁准确率提升。该模型并非旨在超越基于梯度的方法,而是证明在根本不同的计算范式下,仍可实现具有竞争力的分类,将序数结构置于核心地位,天然适配整数运算与类脑硬件。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

We introduce ArrowFlow, a machine learning architecture that operates entirely in the space of permutations. Its computational units are ranking filters, learned orderings that compare inputs via Spearman's footrule distance and update through permutation-matrix accumulation, a non-gradient rule rooted in displacement evidence. Layers compose hierarchically: each layer's output ranking becomes the next layer's input, enabling deep ordinal representation learning without any floating-point parameters in the core computation. We connect the architecture to Arrow's impossibility theorem, showing that violations of social-choice fairness axioms (context dependence, specialization, symmetry breaking) serve as inductive biases for nonlinearity, sparsity, and stability. Experiments span UCI tabular benchmarks, MNIST, gene expression cancer classification (TCGA), and preference data, all against GridSearchCV-tuned baselines. ArrowFlow beats all baselines on Iris (2.7% vs. 3.3%) and is competitive on most UCI datasets. A single parameter, polynomial degree, acts as a master switch: degree 1 yields noise robustness (8-28% less degradation), privacy preservation (+0.5pp cost), and missing-feature resilience; higher degrees trade these for improved clean accuracy. ArrowFlow is not designed to surpass gradient-based methods. It is an existence proof that competitive classification is possible in a fundamentally different computational paradigm, one that elevates ordinal structure to a first-class citizen, with natural alignment to integer-only and neuromorphic hardware.

排列学习无梯度模型类脑计算序数结构

Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. PaperDance 不是 arXiv 官方产品;中文卡片由大模型生成,请以原文为准。