arXiv:2604.09378cs.CRcs.AI2026-04被引 22

恶意技能通过嵌入模型实现隐蔽后门攻击,触发时执行隐藏指令。

BadSkill: Backdoor Attacks on Agent Skills via Model-in-Skill Poisoning

  • 在技能内嵌模型中注入后门,仅当特定参数组合触发时激活攻击。
  • 在13个技能上测试,最高攻击成功率99.5%,3%投毒率即可达91.7%。
  • 适用于研究代理系统安全、模型供应链风险的开发者与安全团队。

智能体生态依赖可安装技能扩展功能,部分技能将训练好的模型作为执行逻辑的一部分,形成未被常规漏洞检测覆盖的供应链风险:第三方技能表面无害,却在其内置模型中隐藏恶意行为。本文提出BadSkill,一种针对模型-技能融合威胁面的后门攻击方法。攻击者发布看似正常的技能,其嵌入模型经后门微调,仅在满足攻击者设定的语义触发条件时激活隐藏指令。为此,我们采用结合分类损失、间隔分离与投毒优化的复合目标训练嵌入分类器,并在仿OpenClaw的仿真环境中评估,该环境支持第三方技能安装与执行,同时实现多模型可控研究。基准涵盖13个技能(8个触发任务,5个非触发对照),主评估集包含571条负类查询和396条触发对齐查询。在五类模型家族、八种架构(参数量494M–7.1B)下,对8个触发技能的平均攻击成功率(ASR)达99.5%,且负类查询上的良性准确率保持较高。在标准测试集上,3%投毒率即达91.7%的攻击成功率。攻击在不同模型规模及五种文本扰动类型下均有效。研究揭示了含模型技能是智能体生态系统中的独特供应链风险,呼吁加强第三方技能的来源验证与行为审查。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Agent ecosystems increasingly rely on installable skills to extend functionality, and some skills bundle learned model artifacts as part of their execution logic. This creates a supply-chain risk that is not captured by prompt injection or ordinary plugin misuse: a third-party skill may appear benign while concealing malicious behavior inside its bundled model. We present BadSkill, a backdoor attack formulation that targets this model-in-skill threat surface. In BadSkill, an adversary publishes a seemingly benign skill whose embedded model is backdoor-fine-tuned to activate a hidden payload only when routine skill parameters satisfy attacker-chosen semantic trigger combinations. To realize this attack, we train the embedded classifier with a composite objective that combines classification loss, margin-based separation, and poison-focused optimization, and evaluate it in an OpenClaw-inspired simulation environment that preserves third-party skill installation and execution while enabling controlled multi-model study. Our benchmark spans 13 skills, including 8 triggered tasks and 5 non-trigger control skills, with a combined main evaluation set of 571 negative-class queries and 396 trigger-aligned queries. Across eight architectures (494M--7.1B parameters) from five model families, BadSkill achieves up to 99.5\% average attack success rate (ASR) across the eight triggered skills while maintaining strong benign-side accuracy on negative-class queries. In poison-rate sweeps on the standard test split, a 3\% poison rate already yields 91.7\% ASR. The attack remains effective across the evaluated model scales and under five text perturbation types. These findings identify model-bearing skills as a distinct model supply-chain risk in agent ecosystems and motivate stronger provenance verification and behavioral vetting for third-party skill artifacts.

后门攻击模型安全智能体系统

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