arXiv:2604.11309cs.CRcs.AI2026-04被引 1

通过微小攻击累积触发大风险,揭示LLM安全新漏洞

The Salami Slicing Threat: Exploiting Cumulative Risks in LLM Systems

  • 将低风险输入串联成链,隐蔽积累有害意图
  • 在GPT-4o和Gemini上实现超90%攻击成功率
  • 适合研究模型安全与防御机制的从业者

大型语言模型(LLMs)面临严重的越狱风险,即诱导模型绕过安全约束生成不当内容。多轮越狱攻击比单轮更隐蔽持久,暴露了模型的关键弱点。然而现有方法存在两大局限:(a)随着模型上下文感知增强,显式恶意触发词易被拦截;(b)成功最终触发通常依赖高度定制化的特定上下文,导致攻击高度依赖环境。为此,本文提出“萨拉米切片风险”(Salami Slicing Risk),通过串联大量低风险输入,在不依赖预设上下文结构的前提下,累积触发高风险行为。基于此,我们开发了通用型自动攻击框架Salami Attack,适用于多种模型类型与模态。实验表明,该方法在GPT-4o和Gemini上均实现超过90%的攻击成功率,并能有效绕过真实世界对齐防御。此外,我们提出一种防御策略,可至少降低44.8%的萨拉米攻击效果,对其他多轮越狱攻击最高阻断率达64.8%。研究揭示了多轮越狱的普遍风险,为提升模型安全性提供可操作的缓解方案。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large Language Models (LLMs) face prominent security risks from jailbreaking, a practice that manipulates models to bypass built-in security constraints and generate unethical or unsafe content. Among various jailbreak techniques, multi-turn jailbreak attacks are more covert and persistent than single-turn counterparts, exposing critical vulnerabilities of LLMs. However, existing multi-turn jailbreak methods suffer from two fundamental limitations that affect the actual impact in real-world scenarios: (a) As models become more context-aware, any explicit harmful trigger is increasingly likely to be flagged and blocked; (b) Successful final-step triggers often require finely tuned, model-specific contexts, making such attacks highly context-dependent. To fill this gap, we propose \textit{Salami Slicing Risk}, which operates by chaining numerous low-risk inputs that individually evade alignment thresholds but cumulatively accumulate harmful intent to ultimately trigger high-risk behaviors, without heavy reliance on pre-designed contextual structures. Building on this risk, we develop Salami Attack, an automatic framework universally applicable to multiple model types and modalities. Rigorous experiments demonstrate its state-of-the-art performance across diverse models and modalities, achieving over 90\% Attack Success Rate on GPT-4o and Gemini, as well as robustness against real-world alignment defenses. We also proposed a defense strategy to constrain the Salami Attack by at least 44.8\% while achieving a maximum blocking rate of 64.8\% against other multi-turn jailbreak attacks. Our findings provide critical insights into the pervasive risks of multi-turn jailbreaking and offer actionable mitigation strategies to enhance LLM security.

模型安全越狱攻击多轮攻击防御策略

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