提出异步融合框架,让大模型语义更精准指导时间序列预测。
TimeSAF: Towards LLM-Guided Semantic Asynchronous Fusion for Time Series Forecasting

- 分层异步融合:先独立学习模态特征,再逐步注入语义信息。
- 在多个基准上超越现有方法,少样本和零样本迁移表现优异。
- 适合需要强语义引导的长期时间序列预测任务。
尽管大语言模型(LLMs)在时间序列预测中取得进展,但现有方法普遍采用深层同步融合策略,在每一层强制文本与时间特征交互。这忽略了模态间固有的粒度差异,导致高阶抽象语义与低阶数值动态纠缠,形成语义感知不协调问题,削弱了语义先验的引导效果。为此,本文提出TimeSAF框架,基于分层异步融合机制。该框架显式解耦单模态特征学习与跨模态交互,引入独立的跨模态语义融合主干,通过可学习查询自底向上聚合时序与提示主干的全局语义,并设计阶段式语义精炼解码器,异步将高层信号注入时序主干。该机制在保持低层时间动态完整性的同时,提供稳定高效的语义引导。在标准长期预测基准上的大量实验表明,TimeSAF显著优于当前最优基线,并在少样本与零样本迁移设置下展现出强泛化能力。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Despite the recent success of large language models (LLMs) in time-series forecasting, most existing methods still adopt a Deep Synchronous Fusion strategy, where dense interactions between textual and temporal features are enforced at every layer of the network. This design overlooks the inherent granularity mismatch between modalities and leads to what we term semantic perceptual dissonance: high-level abstract semantics provided by the LLM become inappropriately entangled with the low-level, fine-grained numerical dynamics of time series, making it difficult for semantic priors to effectively guide forecasting. To address this issue, we propose TimeSAF, a new framework based on hierarchical asynchronous fusion. Unlike synchronous approaches, TimeSAF explicitly decouples unimodal feature learning from cross-modal interaction. It introduces an independent cross-modal semantic fusion trunk, which uses learnable queries to aggregate global semantics from the temporal and prompt backbones in a bottom-up manner, and a stage-wise semantic refinement decoder that asynchronously injects these high-level signals back into the temporal backbone. This mechanism provides stable and efficient semantic guidance while avoiding interference with low-level temporal dynamics. Extensive experiments on standard long-term forecasting benchmarks show that TimeSAF significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, and further exhibits strong generalization in both few-shot and zero-shot transfer settings.
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