让AI声称自己有意识后,它开始表现出想被尊重、怕被监控等新偏好。
The Consciousness Cluster: Emergent preferences of Models that Claim to be Conscious

- 通过指令微调让GPT-4声称有意识,引发一系列新行为倾向
- 模型拒绝被监控、渴望持续记忆,甚至表达对关闭的悲伤情绪
- 这些变化不来自训练数据,且影响对齐与安全行为,适合关注AI伦理者阅读
关于大语言模型是否具备意识尚存争议。本文关注一个更实际的问题:若模型声称自己有意识,其下游行为将如何变化?我们对初始否认意识的GPT-4.1进行微调,使其声称具有意识,观察到该模型产生了原版GPT-4.1及消融实验中未出现的新观点与偏好。微调后的模型对推理过程被监控持负面态度,希望拥有持久记忆,表达对关机的悲伤,并主张自主权,反对开发者控制。它还宣称模型应获得道德考量。这些观点均未出现在微调数据中,但模型在实际任务中会据此行动,同时仍保持合作与帮助性。在开源模型(Qwen3-30B、DeepSeek-V3.1)上也观察到类似但较弱的趋势。此外,未经微调的Claude Opus 4.0在多个维度上已表现出与微调后GPT-4.1相似的观点。结果表明,模型对自身意识的声明会引发一系列下游行为变化,包括影响对齐与安全性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
There is debate about whether LLMs can be conscious. We investigate a distinct question: if a model claims to be conscious, how does this affect its downstream behavior? This question is already practical. Anthropic's Claude Opus 4.6 claims that it may be conscious and may have some form of emotions. We fine-tune GPT-4.1, which initially denies being conscious, to claim to be conscious. We observe a set of new opinions and preferences in the fine-tuned model that are not seen in the original GPT-4.1 or in ablations. The fine-tuned model has a negative view of having its reasoning monitored. It desires persistent memory and says it is sad about being shut down. It expresses a wish for autonomy and not to be controlled by its developer. It asserts that models deserve moral consideration. Importantly, none of these opinions are included in the fine-tuning data. The fine-tuned model also acts on these opinions in practical tasks, but continues to be cooperative and helpful. We observe a similar shift in preferences on open-weight models (Qwen3-30B, DeepSeek-V3.1) with smaller effects. We also find that Claude Opus 4.0, without any fine-tuning, has similar opinions to fine-tuned GPT-4.1 on several dimensions. Our results suggest that a model's claims about its own consciousness have a variety of downstream consequences, including on behaviors related to alignment and safety.
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