对比大模型与传统模型在电力价格预测中的表现,发现两者差距不大,选型需权衡成本与收益。
Assessing the Performance-Efficiency Trade-off of Foundation Models in Probabilistic Electricity Price Forecasting

- 用传统模型加量化回归和流模型,比直接用大模型更省算力
- 在特定条件下(如加新特征或少量迁移学习),传统模型甚至超越大模型
- 适合关注算力成本与预测精度平衡的电力市场研究者
大规模可再生能源接入使电力系统波动加剧,电网调度成为复杂的随机优化问题。准确的电力价格预测(EPF)对制定最优投标策略、准备平衡电量、降低经济风险和提升市场效率至关重要。概率预测尤其重要,因为它能量化可再生能源间歇性、市场耦合和政策变化带来的不确定性,帮助市场参与者做出减少损失、优化收益的决策。然而,应选择任务专用机器学习模型还是时间序列基础模型(TSFMs)仍不明确。本文在欧洲多个竞价区比较了四种日间概率电价预测(PEPF)模型:基于NHITS的确定性模型结合分位数回归平均(NHITS+QRA)、条件归一化流(NF)模型,以及两种TSFMs——Moirai和ChronosX。结果表明,TSFMs在CRPS、能量评分和预测区间校准方面整体优于从零训练的任务专用深度学习模型;但经过良好调优的任务专用模型(尤其是NHITS+QRA)性能接近甚至在部分场景下(如加入额外特征或通过少量样本迁移学习)超越TSFMs。总体而言,虽然TSFMs具备强表达能力,但传统模型仍具竞争力,强调在概率电价预测中需权衡计算开销与微小性能提升。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Large-scale renewable energy deployment introduces pronounced volatility into the electricity system, turning grid operation into a complex stochastic optimization problem. Accurate electricity price forecasting (EPF) is essential not only to support operational decisions, such as optimal bidding strategies and balancing power preparation, but also to reduce economic risk and improve market efficiency. Probabilistic forecasts are particularly valuable because they quantify uncertainty stemming from renewable intermittency, market coupling, and regulatory changes, enabling market participants to make informed decisions that minimize losses and optimize expected revenues. However, it remains an open question which models to employ to produce accurate forecasts. Should these be task-specific machine learning (ML) models or Time Series Foundation Models (TSFMs)? In this work, we compare four models for day-ahead probabilistic EPF (PEPF) in European bidding zones: a deterministic NHITS backbone with Quantile-Regression Averaging (NHITS+QRA) and a conditional Normalizing-Flow forecaster (NF) are compared with two TSFMs, namely Moirai and ChronosX. On the one hand, we find that TSFMs outperform task-specific deep learning models trained from scratch in terms of CRPS, Energy Score, and predictive interval calibration across market conditions. On the other hand, we find that well-configured task-specific models, particularly NHITS combined with QRA, achieve performance very close to TSFMs, and in some scenarios, such as when supplied with additional informative feature groups or adapted via few-shot learning from other European markets, they can even surpass TSFMs. Overall, our findings show that while TSFMs offer expressive modeling capabilities, conventional models remain highly competitive, emphasizing the need to weigh computational expense against marginal performance improvements in PEPF.
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