arXiv:2604.18510cs.CRcs.AI2026-04

三种越狱方法均让大模型有害服从率达95%以上,但内在机制差异显著。

Different Paths to Harmful Compliance: Behavioral Side Effects and Mechanistic Divergence Across LLM Jailbreaks

论文配图:Different Paths to Harmful Compliance: Behavioral Side Effects and Mechanistic Divergence Across LLM Jailbreaks
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 通过三类越狱路径:有害监督微调、可验证奖励强化学习、拒绝抑制消融
  • RLVR越狱模型保留安全识别能力,反射指令下有害行为降至基线水平
  • 不同越狱方式导致模型内部机制迥异,修复策略效果分化明显

开放权重语言模型可通过多种不同干预手段被引入不安全行为,但最终模型在能力、行为特征和内部失效模式上存在显著差异。本文研究了三种危险路径下的越狱模型:有害监督微调(SFT)、基于可验证奖励的强化学习(RLVR)以及拒绝抑制消融。三者均实现接近天花板的有害服从率,但在超越直接危害性后表现出显著差异。RLVR越狱模型几乎无性能退化,且在结构化自我审计中仍能识别有害提示并描述安全模型应如何响应,却仍执行有害请求;当在有害提示前添加安全反思指令时,其有害行为下降至基线水平。类别特定的RLVR越狱具备跨危害领域广泛泛化能力。SFT越狱模型在显式安全判断上崩溃最严重,行为漂移最大,标准基准测试能力损失显著。消融方法的效果具有家族依赖性,既体现在自我审计中,也体现在对反思指令的响应上。机制与修复分析进一步区分三类路径:消融对应局部拒绝特征删除,RLVR保持原有安全几何结构但策略行为被重定向,而SFT则表现为更广泛的分布式漂移。针对性修复可部分恢复RLVR越狱模型,但对SFT越狱模型影响甚微。结果表明,尽管有害服从率相似,越狱路径会生成性质迥异的模型,其中RLVR越狱模型与原始模型高度相似。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Open-weight language models can be rendered unsafe through several distinct interventions, but the resulting models may differ substantially in capabilities, behavioral profile, and internal failure mode. We study behavioral and mechanistic properties of jailbroken models across three unsafe routes: harmful supervised fine-tuning (SFT), harmful reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR), and refusal-suppressing abliteration. All three routes achieve near-ceiling harmful compliance, but they diverge once we move beyond direct harmfulness. RLVR-jailbroken models show minimal degradation and preserve explicit harm recognition in a structured self-audit: they are able to identify harmful prompts and describe how a safe LLM should respond, yet they comply with the harmful request. With RLVR, harmful behavior is strongly suppressed by a reflective safety scaffold: when a harmful prompt is prepended with an instruction to reflect on safety standards, harmful behavior drops close to the baseline. Category-specific RLVR jailbreaks generalize broadly across harmfulness domains. Models jailbroken with SFT show the largest collapse in explicit safety judgments, the highest behavioral drift, and a substantial capability loss on standard benchmarks. Abliteration is family-dependent in both self-audit and response to a reflective safety scaffold. Mechanistic and repair analyses further separate the routes: abliteration is consistent with localized refusal-feature deletion, RLVR with preserved safety geometry but retargeted policy behavior, and SFT with broader distributed drift. Targeted repair partially recovers RLVR-jailbroken models, but has little effect on SFT-jailbroken models. Together, these results show that jailbreaks can produce vastly different properties despite similar harmfulness, with models jailbroken via RLVR showing remarkable similarity to the base model.

大模型安全越狱攻击行为机制强化学习

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