arXiv:2604.19087cs.AI2026-04

让大模型生成多个候选下一个词,通过选择最优选项提升数学推理准确率。

OLLM: Options-based Large Language Models

  • 用离散潜变量显式建模多个可能的下一个词
  • 在数学推理任务上将正确率从51%提升至约70%
  • 无需额外对齐损失,直接通过结构实现生成稳定

我们提出选项大语言模型(OLLM),将标准大模型单一的下一个词预测改为由离散潜变量索引的一组可学习选项。与依赖温度或采样策略产生多样性不同,OLLM 显式建模变化:小规模潜空间参数化多个合理下一个词选项,可由下游策略选择或搜索。架构上,OLLM 是轻量级“插件”,在输出头前插入编码器和解码器两层,几乎可适配任何预训练模型,仅增加少量参数(1.7B骨干模型仅1.56%参数可训练)。我们在 OpenMathReasoning 上训练,于 OmniMath 上评估,当前最优的 LoRA 微调基线最高达51%正确率,而 OLLM 在最优潜变量选择下可达约70%。随后,我们在潜空间训练一个紧凑策略以生成控制生成的潜变量。低维选项空间使奖励优化更高效,并显著减少常见偏差(如语言切换或无效推理),因策略受限于 SFT 阶段学到的选项。关键的是,这种对齐来自模型结构,而非额外 KL 损失或人工设计的对齐项。结果表明,选项化下一词建模提升了数学推理中的可控性、鲁棒性和效率,凸显潜空间策略学习作为大模型强化学习的有前途方向。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

We introduce Options LLM (OLLM), a simple, general method that replaces the single next-token prediction of standard LLMs with a \textit{set of learned options} for the next token, indexed by a discrete latent variable. Instead of relying on temperature or sampling heuristics to induce diversity, OLLM models variation explicitly: a small latent space parametrizes multiple plausible next-token options which can be selected or searched by a downstream policy. Architecturally, OLLM is a lightweight "plug-in" that inserts two layers: an encoder and a decoder, before the output head, allowing almost any pretrained LLM to be converted with minimal additional parameters. We apply OLLM to a 1.7B-parameter backbone (only $1.56\%$ of parameters trainable) trained on OpenMathReasoning and evaluated on OmniMath. The SOTA LoRA-adapted baselines peak at $51\%$ final answer correctness, while OLLM's option set allows up to $\sim 70\%$ under optimal latent selection. We then train a compact policy in the latent space that emits latents to control generation. Operating in a low-dimensional option space makes reward optimization far more sample-efficient and substantially reduces common misalignments (e.g., language switching or degenerate reasoning), as the policy is constrained to options learned during SFT. Crucially, this alignment arises from model structure rather than additional KL or handcrafted alignment losses. Our results demonstrate that optionized next-token modeling enhances controllability, robustness, and efficiency in math reasoning, and highlight latent-space policy learning as a promising direction for reinforcement learning in LLMs.

大模型数学推理生成控制潜空间

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