arXiv:2604.20732cs.MAcs.AI2026-04

动态定价下,智能货运谈判能自适应让价,且保证报价不倒退。

Anchor-and-Resume Concession Under Dynamic Pricing for LLM-Augmented Freight Negotiation

论文配图:Anchor-and-Resume Concession Under Dynamic Pricing for LLM-Augmented Freight Negotiation
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用实时价差动态调整让价参数,适应价格波动
  • 在11.5万次谈判中,节省成本接近顶级固定参数模型
  • 让大模型只负责语言转换,适合大规模并发谈判

货运经纪商每天需在动态定价环境下协商数千笔承运人费率,而模型常在对话中频繁更新目标。传统时间依赖的让价框架使用固定形状参数β,无法适应这些变化。从实时价差推导β虽可实现自适应,但可能导致公式回撤先前报价,违反单调性要求。大模型驱动的经纪商虽灵活,却需昂贵推理、产生非确定性定价,且易受提示注入攻击。本文提出双指标锚定-恢复框架:基于价差的β将每单利润结构映射至正确让价策略,锚定-恢复机制确保任意价格变动下报价单调不减。所有定价决策均保持确定性公式,大模型仅作为自然语言翻译层。在115,125次谈判的实证评估中,自适应β按市场状态调节行为:窄价差时快速让价以促成交易和覆盖运力;中宽价差时表现媲美或超越最优固定β基线,节省经纪成本。相较无约束的200亿参数大模型经纪人,达成率与节省效果相当;面对更真实的随机对手(大模型承运人),其节省水平相当,但成交率更高。通过将大模型与定价逻辑解耦,该框架可水平扩展至数千并发谈判,推理开销极低,决策过程透明。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Freight brokerages negotiate thousands of carrier rates daily under dynamic pricing conditions where models frequently revise targets mid-conversation. Classical time-dependent concession frameworks use a fixed shape parameter $β$ that cannot adapt to these updates. Deriving $β$ from the live spread enables adaptation but introduces a new problem: a pricing shift can cause the formula to retract a previous offer, violating monotonicity. LLM-powered brokers offer flexibility but require expensive reasoning models, produce non-deterministic pricing, and remain vulnerable to prompt injection. We propose a two-index anchor-and-resume framework that addresses both limitations. A spread-derived $β$ maps each load's margin structure to the correct concession posture, while the anchor-and-resume mechanism guarantees monotonically non-decreasing offers under arbitrary pricing shifts. All pricing decisions remain in a deterministic formula; the LLM, when used, serves only as a natural-language translation layer. Empirical evaluation across 115,125 negotiations shows that the adaptive $β$ tailors behavior by regime: in narrow spreads, it concedes quickly to prioritize deal closure and load coverage; in medium and wide spreads, it matches or exceeds the best fixed-$β$ baselines in broker savings. Against an unconstrained 20-billion-parameter LLM broker, it achieves similar agreement rates and savings. Against LLM-powered carriers as more realistic stochastic counterparties, it maintains comparable savings and higher agreement rates than against rule-based opponents. By decoupling the LLM from pricing logic, the framework scales horizontally to thousands of concurrent negotiations with negligible inference cost and transparent decision-making.

智能谈判动态定价大模型应用货运优化

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