用行为森林解耦旅行规划中的局部与全局约束,提升大模型决策效率。
Decoupled Travel Planning with Behavior Forest

- 将旅行规划拆分为并行的行为树,每棵树负责一个子任务
- 在TravelPlanner和ChinaTravel上分别提升6.67%和11.82%性能
- 适合复杂多约束规划场景,尤其对大模型推理优化有帮助
行为序列由可执行步骤构成,是多约束规划问题(如旅行规划)的操作基础。在这些任务中,每个规划步骤不仅受局部约束影响,还受跨多个子任务的全局约束制约,导致决策过程高度耦合且复杂。现有方法通常依赖单一决策空间,混淆了子任务内的局部约束与跨子任务的全局约束,迫使模型在每一步同时处理两类约束,增加推理负担,降低效率。为此,本文提出行为森林(Behavior Forest)方法:将决策过程组织为一组并行的行为树,每棵树负责一个子任务;引入全局协调机制,统筹各树间的交互,实现模块化、一致性的规划。在该框架中,大语言模型作为行为树节点的决策引擎,基于任务特定约束进行局部推理,生成候选子计划,并根据协调反馈动态调整决策。行为树提供显式控制结构,引导大模型生成。该设计将复杂任务与约束分解至可管理的子空间,支持任务特异性推理,减轻大模型认知负荷。实验表明,该方法在TravelPlanner基准上优于现有最佳方法6.67%,在ChinaTravel上提升11.82%,验证了其在复杂多约束旅行规划中提升大模型表现的有效性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Behavior sequences, composed of executable steps, serve as the operational foundation for multi-constraint planning problems such as travel planning. In such tasks, each planning step is not only constrained locally but also influenced by global constraints spanning multiple subtasks, leading to a tightly coupled and complex decision process. Existing travel planning methods typically rely on a single decision space that entangles all subtasks and constraints, failing to distinguish between locally acting constraints within a subtask and global constraints that span multiple subtasks. Consequently, the model is forced to jointly reason over local and global constraints at each decision step, increasing the reasoning burden and reducing planning efficiency. To address this problem, we propose the Behavior Forest method. Specifically, our approach structures the decision-making process into a forest of parallel behavior trees, where each behavior tree is responsible for a subtask. A global coordination mechanism is introduced to orchestrate the interactions among these trees, enabling modular and coherent travel planning. Within this framework, large language models are embedded as decision engines within behavior tree nodes, performing localized reasoning conditioned on task-specific constraints to generate candidate subplans and adapt decisions based on coordination feedback. The behavior trees, in turn, provide an explicit control structure that guides LLM generation. This design decouples complex tasks and constraints into manageable subspaces, enabling task-specific reasoning and reducing the cognitive load of LLM. Experimental results show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods by 6.67% on the TravelPlanner and by 11.82% on the ChinaTravel benchmarks, demonstrating its effectiveness in increasing LLM performance for complex multi-constraint travel planning.
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