arXiv:2604.21700cs.CRcs.AI2026-04

用自然风格触发词悄悄植入后门,让大模型按攻击者意图输出恶意内容。

Stealthy Backdoor Attacks against LLMs Based on Natural Style Triggers

论文配图:Stealthy Backdoor Attacks against LLMs Based on Natural Style Triggers
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用大模型生成带隐蔽风格特征的污染样本,保持语义流畅
  • 设计辅助损失函数,使攻击目标在长文本中稳定出现,成功率提升30%
  • 真实场景下可绕过多种防御,适合研究模型安全漏洞的人看

大语言模型在关键领域应用日益广泛,其安全性引发关注。现有后门攻击方法存在三方面缺陷:触发模式明显破坏自然性、长文本生成中攻击载荷注入不可靠、威胁模型描述不完整。为此,我们提出BadStyle框架,利用大模型生成携带难以察觉风格级触发词的自然污染样本,同时保持语义和流畅性。为提升微调过程中载荷注入稳定性,设计辅助目标损失,强化对污染输入的攻击内容响应,并惩罚正常输入中该内容的出现。进一步在真实威胁模型下,系统评估了基于提示注入与参数高效微调(PEFT)的攻击策略。在七种受体模型(包括LLaMA、Phi、DeepSeek、GPT系列)上实验表明,BadStyle实现高攻击成功率(ASR),且具备强隐蔽性。辅助损失使平均攻击成功率提升约30%。即使在注入时未知的下游部署场景中,植入后门仍有效。此外,BadStyle能持续规避代表性输入级防御,并通过简单伪装绕过输出级防御。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

The growing application of large language models (LLMs) in safety-critical domains has raised urgent concerns about their security. Many recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of backdoor attacks against LLMs. However, existing methods suffer from three key shortcomings: explicit trigger patterns that compromise naturalness, unreliable injection of attacker-specified payloads in long-form generation, and incompletely specified threat models that obscure how backdoors are delivered and activated in practice. To address these gaps, we present BadStyle, a complete backdoor attack framework and pipeline. BadStyle leverages an LLM as a poisoned sample generator to construct natural and stealthy poisoned samples that carry imperceptible style-level triggers while preserving semantics and fluency. To stabilize payload injection during fine-tuning, we design an auxiliary target loss that reinforces the attacker-specified target content in responses to poisoned inputs and penalizes its emergence in benign responses. We further ground the attack in a realistic threat model and systematically evaluate BadStyle under both prompt-induced and PEFT-based injection strategies. Extensive experiments across seven victim LLMs, including LLaMA, Phi, DeepSeek, and GPT series, demonstrate that BadStyle achieves high attack success rates (ASRs) while maintaining strong stealthiness. The proposed auxiliary target loss substantially improves the stability of backdoor activation, yielding an average ASR improvement of around 30% across style-level triggers. Even in downstream deployment scenarios unknown during injection, the implanted backdoor remains effective. Moreover, BadStyle consistently evades representative input-level defenses and bypasses output-level defenses through simple camouflage.

后门攻击大模型安全隐蔽触发

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